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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>PLoS Clinical Trials >Measuring Chess Experts Single-Use Sequence Knowledge: An Archival Study of Departure from ‘Theoretical’ Openings
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Measuring Chess Experts Single-Use Sequence Knowledge: An Archival Study of Departure from ‘Theoretical’ Openings

机译：测量国际象棋专家的一次性使用序列知识：理论开端偏离的档案研究

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摘要

The respective roles of knowledge and search have received considerable attention in the literature on expertise. However, most of the evidence on knowledge has been indirect – e.g., by inferring the presence of chunks in long-term memory from performance in memory recall tasks. Here we provide direct estimates of the amount of monochrestic (single use) and rote knowledge held by chess players of varying skill levels. From a large chess database, we analyzed 76,562 games played in 2008 by individuals ranging from Class B players (average players) to Masters to measure the extent to which players deviate from previously known initial sequences of moves (“openings”). Substantial differences were found in the number of moves known by players of different skill levels, with more expert players knowing more moves. Combined with assumptions independently made about the branching factor in master games, we estimate that masters have memorized about 100,000 opening moves. Our results support the hypothesis that monochrestic knowledge is essential for reaching high levels of expertise in chess. They provide a direct, quantitative estimate of the number of opening moves that players have to know to reach master level.
机译：知识和搜索的各自作用已在有关专业知识的文献中受到相当多的关注。但是，大多数有关知识的证据都是间接的，例如，通过从记忆召回任务中的表现推断出长期记忆中的块的存在。在这里，我们提供了不同技能水平的棋手所拥有的单峰（单次使用）和死记硬背知识数量的直接估计。从大型国际象棋数据库中，我们分析了2008年由B级玩家（平均玩家）到大师级玩家进行的76,562场比赛，以衡量玩家偏离先前已知的初始移动顺序（“洞口”）的程度。不同技能水平的玩家知道的动作数量存在很大差异，更多的专家玩家知道更多的动作。结合关于大师游戏中分支因子的独立假设，我们估计大师们已经记住了大约100,000个开局动作。我们的结果支持以下假设：单峰知识对于提高国际象棋专业水平至关重要。它们提供了直接，定量的估计，以达到玩家达到大师级水平所需的开局动作。

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