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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>PLoS Clinical Trials >Resource Wars and Conflict Ivory: The Impact of Civil Conflict on Elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo - The Case of the Okapi Reserve
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Resource Wars and Conflict Ivory: The Impact of Civil Conflict on Elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo - The Case of the Okapi Reserve

机译：资源战争和冲突象牙：内战对刚果民主共和国大象的影响-奥加皮保护区案例

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摘要

Human conflict generally has substantial negative impacts on wildlife and conservation. The recent civil war (1995-2006) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resulted in a significant loss of wildlife, including elephants, due to institutional collapse, lawlessness and unbridled exploitation of natural resources such as minerals, wood, ivory and bushmeat. We used data from distance sampling surveys conducted before and after the war in a protected forest, the Okapi Faunal Reserve, to document changes in elephant abundance and distribution. We employed Generalized Additive Models to relate changes in elephant distribution to human and environmental factors. Populations declined by nearly fifty percent coinciding with a major increase in elephant poaching as indicated by reports of ivory trade during the war. Our results suggest that humans influenced elephant distribution far more than habitat, both before and after the war, but post-war models explained more of the variation. Elephant abundance declined more, closer to the park boundary and to areas of intense human activity. After the war, elephant densities were relatively higher in the centre of the park where they were better protected, suggesting that this area may have acted as a refuge. In other sites in Eastern DRC, where no protection was provided, elephants were even more decimated. Post-war dynamics, such as weakened institutions, human movements and availability of weapons, continue to affect elephants. Survival of remaining populations and recovery will be determined by these persistent factors and by new threats associated with growing human populations and exploitation of natural resources. Prioritizing wildlife protection, curbing illegal trade in ivory and bushmeat, and strengthening national institutions and organizations in charge of conservation will be crucial to counter these threats.
机译：人类冲突通常会对野生动植物和自然保护产生重大负面影响。刚果民主共和国（DRC）最近的内战（1995年至2006年）由于机构倒闭，违法行为和对矿产，木材，象牙和食用森林猎物等自然资源的无限制开采而导致野生生物（包括大象）的大量损失。我们使用了战前和战后在保护森林霍加披福纳尔保护区进行的距离抽样调查所得的数据，以记录大象数量和分布的变化。我们采用广义可加模型将大象分布的变化与人类和环境因素相关联。战争期间有关象牙贸易的报道表明，人口减少了近百分之五十，这与大象偷猎活动的大量增加相吻合。我们的结果表明，在战争之前和之后，人类对大象分布的影响远远超过栖息地，但战后模型对这种变化的解释更多。大象的丰度下降得更多，靠近公园边界和人类活动频繁的区域。战后，在公园中心得到更好保护的大象密度相对较高，这表明该地区可能是避难所。在刚果民主共和国东部其他未提供保护的地点，大象数量更多。战后的动态，例如机构薄弱，人类活动和武器供应不足，继续影响着大象。剩余人口的生存和恢复将取决于这些持久性因素以及与人口增长和自然资源开发有关的新威胁。优先重视野生动植物保护，制止象牙和食用森林猎物的非法贸易，以及加强负责保护的国家机构和组织，对于应对这些威胁至关重要。

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