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Age Affects the Expression of Maternal Care and Subsequent Behavioural Development of Offspring in a Precocial Bird

机译：年龄影响性早熟鸟的母性保健表达和后代行为发展

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Variations of breeding success with age have been studied largely in iteroparous species and particularly in birds: survival of offspring increases with parental age until senescence. Nevertheless, these results are from observations of free-living individuals and therefore, it remains impossible to determine whether these variations result from parental investment or efficiency or both, and whether these variations occur during the prenatal or the postnatal stage or during both. Our study aimed first, to determine whether age had an impact on the expression of maternal breeding care by comparing inexperienced female birds of two different ages, and second, to define how these potential differences impact chicks’ growth and behavioural development. We made 22 2-month-old and 22 8-month-old female Japanese quail foster 1-day-old chicks. We observed their maternal behaviour until the chicks were 11 days old and then tested these chicks after separation from their mothers. Several behavioural tests estimated their fearfulness and their sociality. We observed first that a longer induction was required for young females to express maternal behaviour. Subsequently as many young females as elder females expressed maternal behaviour, but young females warmed chicks less, expressed less covering postures and rejected their chicks more. Chicks brooded by elder females presented higher growth rates and more fearfulness and sociality. Our results reveal that maternal investment increased with age independently of maternal experience, suggesting modification of hormone levels implied in maternal behaviour. Isolated effects of maternal experience should now be assessed in females of the same age. In addition, our results show, for first time in birds, that variations in maternal care directly induce important differences in the behavioural development of chicks. Finally, our results confirm that Japanese quail remains a great laboratory model of avian maternal behaviour and that the way we sample maternal behaviour is highly productive.
机译：繁殖成功率随年龄的变化主要是在同卵物种中，尤其是在鸟类中进行的：后代的存活率随着父母年龄的增长而增加，直至衰老。然而，这些结果来自对自由生活个体的观察，因此，仍然无法确定这些差异是由父母的投资还是效率造成的，或两者兼而有之，以及这些差异是否发生在产前或产后阶段或两者之间。我们的研究首先旨在通过比较两个不同年龄的无经验雌鸽来确定年龄是否对母体育种护理的表达产生影响，其次是确定这些潜在差异如何影响雏鸡的生长和行为发育。我们饲养了22只2个月大和22只8个月大的日本鹌鹑寄养1天大的小鸡。我们观察了它们的母体行为，直到小鸡11天大，然后从母体分离后对这些小鸡进行测试。几项行为测试估计了他们的恐惧感和社交性。我们首先观察到，年轻女性表达母体行为需要更长的诱导时间。随后，年轻女性和老年女性表现出产妇的行为，但是年轻女性对雏鸡的取暖减少，掩盖姿势的表达减少并且对雏鸡的排斥更多。年长的女性所孵化的小鸡表现出更高的成长率，更具有恐惧感和社交性。我们的结果表明，随着年龄的增长，孕产妇的投资与孕产妇的经历无关，表明孕产妇的行为暗示着激素水平的改变。现在应在同一年龄的女性中评估孕产妇经历的孤立影响。此外，我们的研究结果首次表明，产妇护理的变化直接导致了雏鸡行为发育的重要差异。最后，我们的结果证实，日本鹌鹑仍然是禽类母性行为的绝佳实验室模型，并且我们对母性行为进行抽样的方法具有很高的生产力。

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