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The challenge of monitoring elusive large carnivores: An accurate and cost-effective tool to identify and sex pumas (Puma concolor) from footprints

机译:监控难以捉摸的大型食肉动物的挑战:从脚印中识别和性爱美洲狮(美洲豹)的准确且经济高效的工具

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摘要

Acquiring reliable data on large felid populations is crucial for effective conservation and management. However, large felids, typically solitary, elusive and nocturnal, are difficult to survey. Tagging and following individuals with VHF or GPS technology is the standard approach, but costs are high and these methodologies can compromise animal welfare. Such limitations can restrict the use of these techniques at population or landscape levels. In this paper we describe a robust technique to identify and sex individual pumas from footprints. We used a standardized image collection protocol to collect a reference database of 535 footprints from 35 captive pumas over 10 facilities; 19 females (300 footprints) and 16 males (235 footprints), ranging in age from 1–20 yrs. Images were processed in JMP data visualization software, generating one hundred and twenty three measurements from each footprint. Data were analyzed using a customized model based on a pairwise trail comparison using robust cross-validated discriminant analysis with a Ward’s clustering method. Classification accuracy was consistently > 90% for individuals, and for the correct classification of footprints within trails, and > 99% for sex classification. The technique has the potential to greatly augment the methods available for studying puma and other elusive felids, and is amenable to both citizen-science and opportunistic/local community data collection efforts, particularly as the data collection protocol is inexpensive and intuitive.
机译:获取有关大型猫科动物种群的可靠数据对于有效的保护和管理至关重要。但是,大型猫科动物,通常是单生的,难以捉摸的和夜间的,很难进行调查。使用VHF或GPS技术标记和追踪人员是标准方法,但是成本很高,而且这些方法可能会损害动物福利。这样的限制可能会限制这些技术在人口或景观水平上的使用。在本文中,我们描述了一种可靠的技术,可以从足迹中识别出单个的美洲狮并对其进行性别区分。我们使用标准化的图像采集协议从10个设施中的35只圈养美洲豹收集535个足迹的参考数据库; 19位女性(300个脚印)和16位男性(235个脚印),年龄在1至20岁之间。图像在JMP数据可视化软件中进行了处理,每个足迹产生了123个测量值。使用基于沃德(Ward)聚类方法的强大的交叉验证判别分析,基于成对追踪比较的定制模型对数据进行了分析。个体的分类准确率始终> 90%,并且足迹中的足迹正确分类的分类准确率始终> 90%,性别分类的准确率始终> 99%。该技术具有极大地扩展可用于研究美洲豹和其他难以捉摸的猫科动物的方法的潜力,并且适用于公民科学和机会主义/当地社区的数据收集工作,特别是因为数据收集协议便宜且直观。

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