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Measuring scientific impact beyond academia: An assessment of existing impact metrics and proposed improvements

机译：衡量学术界以外的科学影响：评估现有影响指标和拟议的改进措施

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How does scientific research affect the world around us? Being able to answer this question is of great importance in order to appropriately channel efforts and resources in science. The impact by scientists in academia is currently measured by citation based metrics such as h-index, i-index and citation counts. These academic metrics aim to represent the dissemination of knowledge among scientists rather than the impact of the research on the wider world. In this work we are interested in measuring scientific impact beyond academia, on the economy, society, health and legislation (comprehensive impact). Indeed scientists are asked to demonstrate evidence of such comprehensive impact by authoring case studies in the context of the Research Excellence Framework (REF). We first investigate the extent to which existing citation based metrics can be indicative of comprehensive impact. We have collected all recent REF impact case studies from 2014 and we have linked these to papers in citation networks that we constructed and derived from CiteSeerX, arXiv and PubMed Central using a number of text processing and information retrieval techniques. We have demonstrated that existing citation-based metrics for impact measurement do not correlate well with REF impact results. We also consider metrics of online attention surrounding scientific works, such as those provided by the Altmetric API. We argue that in order to be able to evaluate wider non-academic impact we need to mine information from a much wider set of resources, including social media posts, press releases, news articles and political debates stemming from academic work. We also provide our data as a free and reusable collection for further analysis, including the PubMed citation network and the correspondence between REF case studies, grant applications and the academic literature.
机译：科学研究如何影响我们周围的世界？能够回答这个问题对于适当地分配科学方面的努力和资源非常重要。当前，科学家在学术界的影响力是通过基于引用的指标来衡量的，例如h指数，i指数和引用计数。这些学术指标旨在代表科学家之间的知识传播，而不是研究对更广泛世界的影响。在这项工作中，我们有兴趣衡量学术界以外的科学对经济，社会，健康和立法的影响（综合影响）。实际上，要求科学家通过在卓越研究框架（REF）的背景下撰写案例研究来证明这种全面影响的证据。我们首先调查现有的基于引文的指标可以在多大程度上指示全面的影响。我们收集了2014年以来所有近期的REF影响案例研究，并将它们与引用网络中的论文相关联，这些论文是我们使用多种文本处理和信息检索技术从CiteSeerX，arXiv和PubMed Central构建并衍生的。我们已经证明，现有的基于引用的影响度量标准与REF影响结果并没有很好的相关性。我们还考虑了围绕科学作品的在线关注度，例如Altmetric API提供的那些。我们认为，为了能够评估更广泛的非学术影响，我们需要从更广泛的资源中挖掘信息，这些资源包括社交媒体帖子，新闻稿，新闻文章以及来自学术工作的政治辩论。我们还将提供免费和可重复使用的数据集，以供进一步分析，包括PubMed引文网络以及REF案例研究，拨款申请和学术文献之间的对应关系。

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