首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>PLoS Clinical Trials >Elephant (Elephas maximus) temporal activity, distribution, and habitat use patterns on the tiger’s forgotten trails across the seasonally dry, subtropical, hilly Churia forests of Nepal
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Elephant (Elephas maximus) temporal activity, distribution, and habitat use patterns on the tiger’s forgotten trails across the seasonally dry, subtropical, hilly Churia forests of Nepal

机译:尼泊尔季节性干燥,亚热带丘陵丘里亚森林上被老虎遗忘的小径上的大象(Elephas maximus)时间活动,分布和栖息地使用方式

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摘要

Understanding spatial distribution, habitat use, and temporal activity patterns is important for species conservation planning. This information especially is crucial for mega herbivores like elephants as their ranging patterns encompass a myriad of habitats types. Churia habitat is geological fragile yet important for wildlife in Nepal and India. We used camera trapping and sign surveys covering 536 km2 of Churia and surrounding areas within Chitwan National Park. Across 152 trapping locations, we accumulated 2,097 trap nights in a 60-day survey during the winter season of 2010–11. We used a non-parametric kernel density function to analyze winter activity patterns of elephants detected in camera-traps. Additionally, we walked 643 km over 76 grid cells in two surveys (winter and summer) to estimate elephant distribution and intensity of habitat use using an occupancy framework. Multi-season models allowed us to make seasonal (winter versus summer) inferences regarding changes in habitat use based on covariates influencing use and detection. We photographed 25 mammalian species including elephants with calves with a trapping rate of 2.72 elephant photos events per 100 trap nights. Elephant winter activity pattern was found to be mainly nocturnal, with crepuscular peaks. Covariates such as normalized differential vegetation index and terrain ruggedness positively influenced elephant spatial distribution and habitat use patterns within the Churia habitat. We also found lower elephant habitat use (Ψ^SE(Ψ^)) of Churia in winter 0.51 (0.02) than in summer 0.57 (0.02). Elephants heavily used the eastern portion of Churia in both seasons (67–69%). Overall, Churia habitat, which is often ignored, clearly is used by elephants, with increases in summer use in the west and high use year-round in the east, and thus should no longer be neglected or forgotten in species conservation planning.
机译:了解空间分布,栖息地使用和时间活动模式对于物种保护规划很重要。该信息对于象大象这样的大型食草动物尤为重要,因为它们的分布方式涵盖了无数的栖息地类型。 Churia栖息地地质脆弱,但对尼泊尔和印度的野生动植物很重要。我们使用相机诱捕和标志调查,涵盖了Churia和奇旺国家公园内周边地区536 km 2 。在2010-11年的冬季,我们对152个诱捕地点进行了为期60天的调查,共累积了2,097个诱捕夜。我们使用非参数内核密度函数来分析在相机陷阱中检测到的大象的冬季活动模式。此外,我们在两项调查(冬季和夏季)中在76个网格单元上行走了643公里,以使用占用框架估算大象的分布和栖息地的使用强度。多季节模型使我们能够基于影响使用和检测的协变量做出关于栖息地使用变化的季节性(冬季与夏季)推断。我们拍摄了25个哺乳动物物种,包括带有小牛的大象,每100个陷井之夜的诱捕率为2.72头大象。发现大象的冬季活动模式主要是夜间活动,并有裂隙峰。诸如标准化植被指数和地形崎ness性之类的协变量对Churia生境内的大象空间分布和生境使用方式产生积极影响。我们还发现了低象栖息地的使用( Ψ ^ S E Ψ ^ )比夏季的0.57(0.02)好。在两个季节中,大象都大量使用Churia的东部地区(67-69%)。总体而言,大象经常会使用通常被忽略的Churia栖息地,西部的夏季使用量增加,东部的全年使用量增加,因此在物种保护规划中不应再将其忽略或遗忘。

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