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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>PLoS Clinical Trials >Out of the burrow and into the nest: Functional anatomy of three life history stages of Ozaena lemoulti (Coleoptera: Carabidae) reveals an obligate life with ants
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Out of the burrow and into the nest: Functional anatomy of three life history stages of Ozaena lemoulti (Coleoptera: Carabidae) reveals an obligate life with ants

机译：走出洞穴进入巢穴：Ozaena lemoulti（鞘翅目：Carabidae）三个生命历史阶段的功能解剖揭示了蚂蚁的专性生活

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The carabid subfamily Paussinae contains many species known to be obligately associated with ants during at least one stage of their life history. Myrmecophilous larvae have been documented for members of the tribe Paussini as well as several genera in the tribes Ozaenini, including Physea and Eustra. Here we describe the first instar larva of Ozaena lemoulti, and find it to be the most highly modified ozaenine larva that we have examined to date. Many structures of the larva suggest that it is a myrmecophile. Unlike all other described ozaenine larvae, which live in burrows that they construct and seal with their terminal disk, the completely unique larval morphology suggests Ozaena has adapted to living without the protection of a burrow and therefore must have a completely different feeding strategy than the typical ambush strategy of burrow dwelling larvae. We hypothesize that Ozaena larvae live in association with ants and use their long legs for running within the nest, and modifications of the mouthparts suggest the larva feeds on soft lightly sclerotized prey, such as ant brood. Our findings support an earlier hypothesis that Ozaena is mymecophilous during the adult stage. Comparisons of the functional anatomy of the eggs, larvae and adult between Ozaena lemoulti and the closely related, non-myrmecophilous general arthropod predator, Goniotropis kuntzeni, provide complementary, yet independent, evidence suggestive of this shift in lifestyle. We also examine and molecularly identify gut contents, providing direct evidence that adult Ozaena exclusively eat Camponotus ants. We conclude that Ozaena represents an independent shift to adopting a life of myrmecophily among beetles classified within the carabid subfamily Paussinae and document the morphological changes at each life history stage associated with the shift to a nest parasite lifestyle.
机译：甲亚纲（Caussinae）包含许多物种，它们至少在其生命史的一个阶段就与蚂蚁有密切的联系。已经记录了Paussini部落成员以及Ozaenini部落的多个属的嗜温幼虫，包括Physea和Eustra。在这里，我们描述了Ozaena lemoulti的第一龄幼虫，发现它是迄今为止我们研究过的改性程度最高的Ozaenine幼虫。幼虫的许多结构表明，它是嗜微生物的。不同于所有其他描述的ozaenine幼虫，它们生活在它们通过末端盘构建并密封的洞穴中，完全独特的幼虫形态表明，Ozaena已适应了没有洞穴保护的生活，因此必须具有与典型的完全不同的饲养策略埋伏幼虫的伏击策略。我们假设Ozaena幼虫与蚂蚁生活在一起，并利用它们的长腿在巢中奔跑，而对口器的改造则表明，幼虫以柔软的，轻度硬化的猎物为食，例如蚂蚁窝。我们的发现支持了一个早期的假设，即Ozaena在成年期是嗜菌性的。 Ozaena lemoulti和密切相关的非嗜温性节肢动物捕食者Goniotropis kuntzeni之间卵，幼虫和成虫的功能解剖学比较，提供了互补但独立的证据，提示了这种生活方式的改变。我们还检查并在分子上鉴定肠内容物，提供直接证据证明成年的Ozaena只吃Camponotus蚂蚁。我们得出的结论是，Ozaena代表了在甲壳纲Paussinae内归类的甲虫中采取嗜温嗜性生活的独立转变，并记录了在每个生命历史阶段与向巢内寄生虫生活方式转变相关的形态变化。

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