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Inland surface waters in protected areas globally: Current coverage and 30-year trends

机译：全球保护区的内陆地表水：当前覆盖范围和30年趋势

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摘要

Inland waters are unique ecosystems offering services and habitat resources upon which many species depend. Despite the importance of, and threats to, inland water, global assessments of protected area (PA) coverage and trends have focused on land habitats or have assessed land and inland waters together. We here provide the first assessment of the level of protection of inland open surface waters and their trends (1984–2015) within PAs for all countries, using a globally consistent, high-resolution (30 m) and validated dataset on permanent and seasonal surface waters based on Landsat images. Globally, 15% of inland surface waters are covered by PAs with mapped boundaries. Estimated inland water protection increases to 16.4% if PAs with reported area but delineated only as points are included as circular buffers. These coverage estimates slightly exceed the comparable figure for land but fall below the 17% goal of the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Aichi Target 11 for 2020. Protection levels are very uneven across countries, half of which do not yet meet the 17% target. The lowest coverage of surface water by PAs (<5%) was found in Africa and in parts of Asia. There was a global trend of permanent water losses and seasonal water gains within PAs, concomitant with an increase of both water types outside PAs. In 38% of countries, PAs lost over 5% of permanent water. Global protection targets for inland waters may well be met by 2020, but much stronger efforts are required to ensure their effective conservation, which will depend not only on sound PA governance and management but also on the sustainable use of water resources outside PAs. Given the pressures on water in a rapidly changing world, integrated management planning of water resources involving multiple sectors and entire basins is therefore necessary.
机译：内陆水域是独特的生态系统，为许多物种提供服务和栖息地资源。尽管对内陆水很重要，而且对内陆水构成威胁，但对保护区覆盖范围和趋势的全球评估仍侧重于陆地生境或一起评估了陆地和内陆水域。我们在这里使用全球一致的高分辨率（30 m）和经过验证的永久性和季节性地表数据，对所有国家的PAs内陆开放地表水的保护水平及其趋势（1984–2015）进行了首次评估。水域基于Landsat图像。在全球范围内，内陆地表水中有15％被具有地图边界的保护区所覆盖。如果PA的面积已报告，但仅划定了点作为圆形缓冲区，则估计的内陆水保护面积将增加到16.4％。这些覆盖率估计值略高于可比土地数据，但低于《生物多样性公约》爱知县目标2020年的11％的目标。各国的保护水平非常不平衡，其中一半尚未达到17％的目标。在非洲和亚洲部分地区，PAs对地表水的覆盖率最低（<5％）。全球范围内，巴勒斯坦权力机构内部出现永久性失水和季节性用水增加的趋势，同时巴勒斯坦权力机构之外的两种水类型都有所增加。在38％的国家中，PA损失了超过5％的永久水。内陆水域的全球保护目标很可能在2020年之前实现，但需要作出更大的努力以确保其有效保护，这不仅取决于健全的巴勒斯坦权力机构治理和管理，而且还取决于巴勒斯坦权力机构以外水资源的可持续利用。鉴于在瞬息万变的世界中水的压力，因此涉及多个部门和整个流域的水资源综合管理计划是必要的。

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