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B or 13? Unconscious Top-Down Contextual Effects at the Categorical but Not the Lexical Level

机译:B还是13?在分类而非词汇层面上无意识的自上而下的上下文效应

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摘要

Contextual effects require integration of top-down predictions and bottom-up visual information. Given the widely assumed link between integration and consciousness, we asked whether contextual effects require consciousness. In two experiments (total = 60), an ambiguous stimulus (which could be read as either B or 13) was presented alongside masked numbers (12 and 14) or letters (A and C). Context biased stimulus classification when it was consciously and unconsciously perceived. However, unconsciously perceived contexts evoked smaller effects. This finding was replicated and generalized into another language in a further experiment ( = 46) using a different set of stimuli, strengthening the claim that symbolic contextual effects can occur without awareness. Moreover, four experiments (total = 160) suggested that these unconscious effects might be limited to the categorical level (numbers context vs. letters context) and do not extend to the lexical level (words context vs. nonwords context). Taken together, our results suggest that although consciousness may not be necessary for effects that require simple integration or none at all, it is nevertheless required for integration over larger semantic windows.
机译:上下文效果需要整合自上而下的预测和自下而上的视觉信息。考虑到整合与意识之间广泛的联系,我们问语境效应是否需要意识。在两个实验(总计= 60)中,出现了模棱两可的刺激(可以读作B或13),同时显示了带遮罩的数字(12和14)或字母(A和C)。当有意识和无意识地意识到情境刺激分类时。但是,在不知不觉中感知到的环境会产生较小的影响。这一发现被复制并用另一组刺激(= 46)在另一项实验中被推广为另一种语言,从而强化了这样一种说法,即象征性的语境效应可能在没有意识的情况下发生。此外,四个实验(总计= 160)表明,这些无意识的影响可能仅限于分类级别(数字上下文与字母上下文),而没有扩展到词汇层次(单词上下文与非单词上下文)。两者合计,我们的结果表明,尽管意识对于那些需要简单整合或根本不需要整合的效果可能不是必需的,但是在更大的语义窗口上整合仍需要意识。

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