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Habitat with small inter-structural spaces promotes mussel survival and reef generation

机译:具有较小结构空间的栖息地可促进贻贝的生存和珊瑚礁的产生

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摘要

Spatially complex habitats provide refuge for prey and mediate many predator–prey interactions. Increasing anthropogenic pressures are eroding such habitats, reducing their complexity and potentially altering ecosystem stability on a global scale. Yet, we have only a rudimentary understanding of how structurally complex habitats create ecological refuges for most ecosystems. Better informed management decisions require an understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the provision of physical refuge and this may be linked to prey size, predator size and predator identity in priority habitats. We tested each of these factors empirically in a model biogenic reef system. Specifically, we tested whether mortality rates of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) of different sizes differed among: (i) different forms of reef structural distribution (represented as ‘clumped’, ‘patchy’ and ‘sparse’); (ii) predator species identity (shore crab, Carcinus maenas and starfish, Asterias rubens); and (iii) predator size. The survival rate of small mussels was greatest in the clumped experimental habitat and larger predators generally consumed more prey regardless of the structural organisation of treatment. Small mussels were protected from larger A. rubens but not from larger C. maenas in the clumped habitats. The distribution pattern of structural objects, therefore, may be considered a useful proxy for reef complexity when assessing predator–prey interactions, and optimal organisations should be considered based on both prey and predator sizes. These findings are essential to understand ecological processes underpinning predation rates in structurally complex habitats and to inform future restoration and ecological engineering practices.
机译:空间复杂的栖息地为猎物提供了庇护所,并介导了许多捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用。人为压力的增加正在侵蚀这些栖息地,降低其复杂性,并有可能在全球范围内改变生态系统的稳定性。但是,对于结构复杂的栖息地如何为大多数生态系统创建生态庇护所,我们只有基本的了解。更明智的管理决策需要了解提供物理避难所的机制,这可能与优先生境中的猎物规模,捕食者规模和捕食者身份有关。我们在模型生物礁系统中凭经验测试了每个因素。具体来说,我们测试了不同大小的蓝贻贝(Mytilus edulis)的死亡率之间是否存在差异:(i)不同形式的礁石结构分布(表示为“块状”,“斑片状”和“稀疏”); (ii)捕食者的物种身份(近岸蟹,美人鱼和海星,鲁氏天体); (iii)捕食者的大小。小贻贝在成簇的实验栖息地中的成活率最高,而大型捕食者通常消耗更多的猎物,而与治疗的结构组织无关。在聚集的栖息地中,保护小贻贝不受较大的红曲霉侵害,但不受较大的C. maenas侵害。因此,在评估食肉动物与猎物之间的相互作用时,结构对象的分布模式可能被认为是珊瑚礁复杂性的有用替代,并且应根据猎物和食肉动物的大小来考虑最佳组织。这些发现对于理解支撑结构复杂的栖息地中的捕食率的生态过程以及为将来的恢复和生态工程实践提供信息至关重要。

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