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Use of Geophysical and Remote Sensing Data for Assessment of Aquifer Depletion and Related Land Deformation

机译:利用地球物理和遥感数据评估含水层损耗和相关土地变形

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摘要

An integrated approach [field, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), hydrogeology, geodesy, and spatial analysis] was adopted to identify the nature, intensity, and spatial distribution of deformational features (sinkholes, fissures, differential settling) reported over fossil aquifers in arid lands, their controlling factors, and possible remedies. The Lower Mega Aquifer System (area 2 × 106 km2) in central and northern Arabia was used as a test site. Findings suggest that excessive groundwater extraction from the fossil aquifer is the main cause of deformation: (1) deformational features correlated spatially and/or temporally with increased agricultural development and groundwater extraction, and with a decline in water levels and groundwater storage (− 3.7 ± 0.6 km3/year); (2) earthquake events (years 1985–2016; magnitude 1–5) are largely (65% of reported earthquakes) shallow (1–5 km) and increased from 1 event/year in the early 1980s (extraction 1 km3/year), up to 13 events/year in the 1990s (average annual extraction > 6.4 km3). Results indicate that faults played a role in localizing deformation given that deformational sites and InSAR-based high subsidence rates (− 4 to − 15 mm/year) were largely found within, but not outside of, NW–SE-trending grabens bound by the Kahf fault system. Findings from the analysis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment solutions indicate that sustainable extraction could be attained if groundwater extraction was reduced by 3.5–4 km3/year. This study provides replicable and cost-effective methodologies for optimum utilization of fossil aquifers and for minimizing deformation associated with their use.
机译:采用了一种综合方法[场,干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR),水文地质学,大地测量学和空间分析]来识别报告于化石含水层上的变形特征(水孔,裂缝,差异沉降)的性质,强度和空间分布。干旱地区,其控制因素以及可能的补救措施。阿拉伯中部和北部的下兆含水层系统(面积2×10 10 6 sup km 2 sup>)被用作测试地点。研究结果表明,从化石含水层中过度开采地下水是导致变形的主要原因:(1)变形特征在空间和/或时间上与农业发展和地下水开采的增加相关,并且与水位和地下水储量的下降有关(−3.7± 0.6 km 3 /年); (2)地震事件(1985-2016年; 1-5级)在很大程度上(报告地震的65%)浅(1-5 km),并且从1980年代初的1事件/年增加(提取1 km 3 /年),在1990年代每年最多13个事件(平均年提取量> 6.4 km 3 )。结果表明,断层在局部变形中起着一定作用,因为变形点和基于InSAR的高沉降率(−4至−15 mm /年)大部分位于NW–SE趋势grab陷的内部,但不在其外部。 Kahf故障系统。重力恢复和气候实验解决方案分析的结果表明,如果地下水开采量每年减少3.5–4 km 3 ,则可以实现可持续开采。这项研究提供了可复制且具有成本效益的方法,以优化化石含水层的利用并最小化与使用化石有关的变形。

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