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Dark matter in archaeal genomes: a rich source of novel mobile elements defense systems and secretory complexes

机译:古细菌基因组中的暗物质:新颖的移动元素防御系统和分泌复合物的丰富来源

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摘要

Microbial genomes encompass a sizable fraction of poorly characterized, narrowly spread fast-evolving genes. Using sensitive methods for sequences comparison and protein structure prediction, we performed a detailed comparative analysis of clusters of such genes, which we denote “dark matter islands”, in archaeal genomes. The dark matter islands comprise up to 20 % of archaeal genomes and show remarkable heterogeneity and diversity. Nevertheless, three classes of entities are common in these genomic loci: (a) integrated viral genomes and other mobile elements; (b) defense systems, and (c) secretory and other membrane-associated systems. The dark matter islands in the genome of thermophiles and mesophiles show similar general trends of gene content, but thermophiles are substantially enriched in predicted membrane proteins whereas mesophiles have a greater proportion of recognizable mobile elements. Based on this analysis, we predict the existence of several novel groups of viruses and mobile elements, previously unnoticed variants of CRISPR-Cas immune systems, and new secretory systems that might be involved in stress response, intermicrobial conflicts and biogenesis of novel, uncharacterized membrane structures.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00792-014-0672-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
机译:微生物基因组包含相当一部分特征性差,分布狭窄的快速进化基因。使用敏感的方法进行序列比较和蛋白质结构预测,我们对古细菌基因组中此类基因的簇进行了详细的比较分析,我们将其称为“暗物质岛”。暗物质岛占古细菌基因组的20%,并显示出显着的异质性和多样性。然而,在这些基因组位点中共有三类实体:(a)整合的病毒基因组和其他移动元件; (b)防御系统,以及(c)分泌和其他膜相关系统。嗜热菌和嗜温菌的基因组中的暗物质岛显示出相似的基因含量总体趋势,但是嗜热菌充分富集了预测的膜蛋白,而嗜温菌具有更大比例的可识别的移动元件。基于这一分析,我们预测存在几种新型病毒和移动元件,CRISPR-Cas免疫系统以前未被发现的变体以及可能与应激反应,微生物间冲突和新型,未表征膜的生物发生有关的新分泌系统。电子补充材料本文的在线版本(doi:10.1007 / s00792-014-0672-7)包含补充材料,可供授权用户使用。

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