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Linkage disequilibrium network analysis (LDna) gives a global view of chromosomal inversions local adaptation and geographic structure

机译:连锁不平衡网络分析(LDna)提供了染色体倒置局部适应和地理结构的全局视图

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摘要

Recent advances in sequencing allow population-genomic data to be generated for virtually any species. However, approaches to analyse such data lag behind the ability to generate it, particularly in nonmodel species. Linkage disequilibrium (LD, the nonrandom association of alleles from different loci) is a highly sensitive indicator of many evolutionary phenomena including chromosomal inversions, local adaptation and geographical structure. Here, we present linkage disequilibrium network analysis (LDna), which accesses information on LD shared between multiple loci genomewide. In LD networks, vertices represent loci, and connections between vertices represent the LD between them. We analysed such networks in two test cases: a new restriction-site-associated DNA sequence (RAD-seq) data set for Anopheles baimaii, a Southeast Asian malaria vector; and a well-characterized single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data set from 21 three-spined stickleback individuals. In each case, we readily identified five distinct LD network clusters (single-outlier clusters, SOCs), each comprising many loci connected by high LD. In A. baimaii, further population-genetic analyses supported the inference that each SOC corresponds to a large inversion, consistent with previous cytological studies. For sticklebacks, we inferred that each SOC was associated with a distinct evolutionary phenomenon: two chromosomal inversions, local adaptation, population-demographic history and geographic structure. LDna is thus a useful exploratory tool, able to give a global overview of LD associated with diverse evolutionary phenomena and identify loci potentially involved. LDna does not require a linkage map or reference genome, so it is applicable to any population-genomic data set, making it especially valuable for nonmodel species.
机译:测序的最新进展使得几乎任何物种都可以生成种群基因组数据。但是,分析此类数据的方法落后于生成数据的能力,尤其是在非模型物种中。连锁不平衡(LD,来自不同基因座的等位基因的非随机关联)是许多进化现象(包括染色体倒置,局部适应性和地理结构)的高度敏感指标。在这里,我们介绍了连锁不平衡网络分析(LDna),它访问了全基因组多个基因座之间共享的关于LD的信息。在LD网络中,顶点表示基因座,顶点之间的连接表示它们之间的LD。我们在两个测试案例中分析了此类网络:一个针对东南亚疟疾媒介白蚁按蚊的新的限制性位点相关的DNA序列(RAD-seq)数据集;以及来自21个三棘棘背式个体的特征明确的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)数据集。在每种情况下,我们都容易识别出五个不同的LD网络集群(单离群集群,SOC),每个集群都包含许多由高LD连接的基因座。在白僵菌中,进一步的种群遗传学分析支持这样的推论,即每个SOC对应一个大的倒位,与先前的细胞学研究一致。对于棘背类动物,我们推断每个SOC与一个独特的进化现象相关:两个染色体倒置,局部适应,人口人口历史和地理结构。因此,LDna是一种有用的探索工具,能够对与多种进化现象相关的LD进行全局概述,并确定潜在的基因座。 LDna不需要连锁图谱或参考基因组,因此它适用于任何种群基因组数据集,这对于非模型物种尤其有价值。

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