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Exploiting Concurrency for Opportunistic Forwarding in Duty-Cycled IoT Networks

机译：在并发周期的物联网网络中利用机会转发

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摘要

Due to limited energy supply of Internet of Things (Zhao et al. 2018) (IoT) devices, asynchronous duty cycle radio management is widely adopted to save energy. Since the sleep schedules of nodes are unsynchronized, a sender has to repeatedly send frames to coordinate with its receiver or keep sleeping until the receiver's wake-up time will come according to receiver's sleep-wake schedule. In such contexts, opportunistic forwarding, which takes the earliest forwarding opportunity instead of a deterministic forwarder, shows great advantage in utilizing channel resource for duty-cycled IoT networks. The multiple forwarding choices with temporal and spatial diversity increase the chance of collision tolerance in opportunistic forwarding, potentially enhancing the overall performance of duty-cycled multi-hop networks. However, since the current channel contention mechanisms mainly focus on collision avoidance, it is too conservative to exploit concurrency.To address this problem, in this article, we propose COF to fully exploit the potential Concurrency for Opportunistic Forwarding in duty-cycled IoT networks. COF achieves concurrent transmission by: (i) measuring conditional link quality under the interference of on-going transmissions, and then (ii) further modeling the benefit of potential concurrency opportunities. According to the expected benefit of concurrency, COF decides whether or not to transmit in concurrent way. COF also adopts concurrency flag and signal features to avoid data collision caused by disordered concurrent transmissions and enhance the accuracy of conditional link quality estimation. COF can be easily integrated into the conventional unsynchronized and duty-cycled protocols. We have implemented COF and evaluated its performance on a 40-node testbed. The results show that COF can effectively exploit potential concurrency in opportunistic forwarding and COF outperforms the state-of-art protocols under diverse traffic load and network density.
机译：由于物联网（Zhao et al.2018）（IoT）设备的能源供应有限，异步占空比无线电管理被广泛采用以节省能源。由于节点的睡眠时间表是不同步的，因此发送方必须重复发送帧以与其接收器进行协调，或者保持睡眠状态，直到接收方的唤醒时间根据接收方的睡眠-唤醒时间表而定。在这种情况下，机会性转发利用最早的转发机会而不是确定性转发器，在将信道资源用于占空比物联网网络中显示出巨大的优势。具有时间和空间分集的多个转发选择增加了机会转发中冲突容忍的机会，从而有可能增强占空比多跳网络的整体性能。但是，由于当前的信道争用机制主要集中在避免冲突上，因此并发性太保守了。为了解决这个问题，在本文中，我们提出COF来充分利用占空比IoT网络中潜在的并发性机会转发。 COF通过以下方式实现并发传输：（i）在持续传输的干扰下测量条件链路质量，然后（ii）进一步建模潜在并发机会的好处。根据并发的预期好处，COF决定是否以并发方式进行传输。 COF还采用并发标志和信号功能，以避免因无序并发传输而引起的数据冲突，并提高条件链路质量估计的准确性。 COF可以轻松集成到常规的非同步和占空比协议中。我们已经实施了COF，并在40节点测试床上评估了其性能。结果表明，在各种流量负载和网络密度下，COF可以有效地利用机会转发中的潜在并发性，并且COF优于最新的协议。

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