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首页> 外文期刊>ACM transactions on software engineering and methodology >Developing Cost-Effective Blockchain-Powered Applications: A Case Study of the Gas Usage of Smart Contract Transactions in the Ethereum Blockchain Platform
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Developing Cost-Effective Blockchain-Powered Applications: A Case Study of the Gas Usage of Smart Contract Transactions in the Ethereum Blockchain Platform

机译：开发成本效益的区块链供电应用：以Ethereum BlockChain平台的智能合同交易天然气使用的案例研究

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Ethereum is a blockchain platform that hosts and executes smart contracts. Executing a function of a smart contract burns a certain amount of gas units (a.k.a., gas usage). The total gas usage depends on how much computing power is necessary to carry out the execution of the function. Ethereum follows a free-market policy for deciding the transaction fee for executing a transaction. More specifically, transaction issuers choose how much they are willing to pay for each unit of gas (a.k.a., gas price). The final transaction fee corresponds to the gas price times the gas usage. Miners process transactions to gain mining rewards, which come directly from these transaction fees. The flexibility and the inherent complexity of the gas system pose challenges to the development of blockchain-powered applications. Developers of blockchain-powered applications need to translate requests received in the frontend of their application into one or more smart contract transactions. Yet, it is unclear how developers should set the gas parameters of these transactions given that (ⅰ) miners are free to prioritize transactions whichever way they wish and (ⅱ) the gas usage of a contract transaction is only known after the transaction is processed and included in a new block. In this article, we analyze the gas usage of Ethereum transactions that were processed between Oct. 2017 and Feb. 2019 (the Byzantium era). We discover that (ⅰ) most miners prioritize transactions based on their gas price only, (ⅱ) 25% of the functions that received at least 10 transactions have an unstable gas usage (coefficient of variation = 19%), and (ⅲ) a simple prediction model that operates on the recent gas usage of a function achieves an R-Squared of 0.76 and a median absolute percentage error of 3.3%. We conclude that (ⅰ) blockchain-powered application developers should be aware that transaction prioritization in Ethereum is frequently done based solely on the gas price of transactions (e.g., a higher transaction fee does not necessarily imply a higher transaction priority) and act accordingly and (ⅱ) blockchain-powered application developers can leverage gas usage prediction models similar to ours to make more informed decisions to set the gas price of their transactions. Lastly, based on our findings, we list and discuss promising avenues for future research.
机译：Ethereum是一个包含智能合同的区块链接平台。执行智能合同的功能燃烧一定量的气体单元（A.K.A.，Gas使用）。总气体用途取决于执行功能执行需要多少计算能力。 Ethereum遵循自由市场政策，以确定执行交易的交易费。更具体地说，交易发行人选择他们愿意为每个单位支付多少（A.K.A.，瓦斯价格）。最终的交易费用对应于天然气使用的天然气价格。矿工处理交易以获得挖掘奖励，直接来自这些交易费用。气体系统的灵活性和固有的复杂性构成了区块链电源应用的挑战。 Blockchain供电的应用程序的开发人员需要将在其应用程序前端收到的请求翻译成一个或多个智能合同交易。然而，目前尚不清楚开发人员应如何设置这些交易的气体参数，因为（Ⅰ）矿工可以自由地优先考虑其所希望的方式和（Ⅱ）合同交易的天然气使用，但在交易处理后才知道包含在新块中。在本文中，我们分析了2019年10月至2019年2月至2019年2月（拜占庭时代）之间处理的Etereum交易的气体使用情况。我们发现（Ⅰ）大多数矿工的优先考虑基于其天然气价格的交易，（Ⅱ）收到至少10项的职能的25％具有不稳定的气体使用（变异系数= 19％），（Ⅲ）a在最近的函数的函数上运行的简单预测模型实现了0.76的R形，中位绝对百分比误差为3.3％。我们得出结论， （Ⅱ）区块链电源应用开发人员可以利用类似于我们的气体使用预测模型，以制定更明智的决策来设置其交易的燃气价格。最后，根据我们的研究结果，我们列出并讨论了未来的研究的有希望的途径。

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