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Black the libertarian

机译：黑人自由主义者

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The most serious challenge to Frankfurt-type counterexamples to the Principle of Alternate Possibilities (PAP) comes in the form of a dilemma: either the counterexample presupposes determinism, in which case it begs the question; or it does not presuppose determinism, in which case it fails to deliver on its promise to eliminate all alternatives that might plausibly be thought to satisfy PAP. I respond to this challenge with a counterexample in whichconsidering an alternative course of action is anecessary condition fordeciding to act otherwise, and the agent does not in fact consider the alternative. I call this a “buffer case,” because the morally relevant alternative is “buffered” by the requirement that the agent first consider the alternative. Suppose further that the agent’s considering an alternative action—entering the buffer zone—is what would trigger the counterfactual intervener. Then it would appear that PAP-relevant alternatives are out of reach. I defend this counterexample to PAP against three objections: that considering an alternative isitself a morally relevant alternative; that buffer cases can be shown to containother alternatives that arguably satisfy PAP; and that even if the agent’spresent access to PAP-relevant alternatives were eliminated, PAP could still be satisfied in virtue ofearlier alternatives. I conclude that alternative possibilities are a normal symptom, but not an essential constituent, of moral agency.
机译：法兰克福式替代可能性原则（PAP）面临的最严峻挑战是两难抉择的形式：反例以决定论为先决条件，在这种情况下它提出了问题。或者它不以确定性为前提，在这种情况下，它无法兑现消除所有可能被认为满足PAP的替代方案的承诺。我用一个反例来应对这一挑战，在反例中，考虑采取替代行动是决定采取其他行动的必要条件，而代理人实际上并不考虑替代。我将其称为“缓冲案例”，因为与道德相关的替代方案受主体首先考虑替代方案的要求“缓冲”。进一步假设，代理商正在考虑采取替代行动（进入缓冲区），这将触发反事实干预者。这样看来，与PAP相关的替代方案已遥不可及。我反对针对PAP的这个反例针对三个反对意见：考虑替代方案本身就是与道德相关的替代方案；缓冲案例可以证明包含其他可以满足PAP要求的替代方案；而且即使代理商不再使用与PAP相关的替代方法，PAP仍可以通过较早的替代方法得到满足。我的结论是，替代可能性是道德行为的正常症状，而不是本质成分。

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