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Sodium and Sodium-Ion Batteries: 50 Years of Research

机译：钠和钠离子电池：50年的研究

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摘要

This paper gives an overview of the research carried out on sodium batteries in the last 50 years. The discovery of the very high Na+ ion conductivity in beta-Al2O3 opened the way to high-energy batteries (sodium/sulfur and sodium/NiCl2) for load leveling and electrical vehicles. Then, the liquid electrolyte batteries were considered with intercalation-based electrodes and lithium and sodium as mobile ions. When Sony proposed the lithium-ion batteries, most research moved to lithium systems, exhibiting a higher energy density. These are now currently used in electronic devices, hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) and electrical vehicle (EV). The development of renewable energies, which have an intermittent character, requires very large batteries for frequency regulation and peak production shift. For these stationary applications the most important parameters are the lifetime, the power, the price, and the material availability. Since sodium ion batteries are able to satisfy these criteria, these new material families now concern a large part of the scientific community. This article gives a general introduction and an overview of the research carried out on the materials that are presented in detail, in the articles within this special issue on sodium batteries.
机译：本文概述了过去50年中对钠电池进行的研究。 β-Al2O3中极高的Na +离子电导率的发现为负载均衡和电动汽车的高能电池（钠/硫和钠/ NiCl2）开辟了道路。然后，考虑使用基于嵌入的电极并且锂和钠作为移动离子的液体电解质电池。当索尼提出锂离子电池时，大多数研究转向了锂系统，具有更高的能量密度。目前，这些已用于电子设备，混合动力汽车（HEV）和电动汽车（EV）。具有间歇性特征的可再生能源的发展需要非常大的电池来进行频率调节和峰值产量转移。对于这些固定式应用，最重要的参数是寿命，功率，价格和材料可用性。由于钠离子电池能够满足这些标准，因此这些新材料家族现在引起了科学界的极大关注。本文对本钠电池特刊中的文章进行了概述和概述，该研究对材料进行了详细介绍。

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