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Functional Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration: A Lesson in Complex Biology

机译：用于骨再生的功能生物材料：复杂生物学的课程

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摘要

Bone is a hard yet dynamic tissue with remarkable healing capacities. Research to date has greatly advanced the understanding of how bone heals and has led to marked success in the treatment of bone injuries. Nevertheless, the effective treatment of nonunions and large bone defects continues to present a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Biomaterials provide researchers with a powerful instrument to potentially guide effective bone tissue regeneration in challenging healing environments. However, the most appropriate biomaterial for bone tissue engineering continues to be an area of intense debate. Indeed, the mechanical properties of real bone can be reproduced in vitro but the development of a functional bone substitute goes beyond the sole mechanical properties. The faithful reproduction of bone as a functional organ requires the combination of different cell types and temporal regulation of the molecular signaling involved during the different stages of bone formation and regeneration. This is not at all a trivial task. Herein, critical aspects of bone healing/regeneration including mechanical loading, inflammation, vascularization, and innervation are described. The success and the challenges behind the development of biomaterials, and the technologies used to functionalize them, in order to support the underlying cellular mechanisms are also highlighted.
机译：骨骼是一种艰难而动态的组织，具有显着的愈合能力。迄今为止的研究大大提高了对骨骼愈合的理解，并导致在治疗骨损伤方面标志着成功。尽管如此，突出骨缺陷的有效治疗和大骨缺陷仍然对整形外科医生呈现出挑战。生物材料为研究人员提供了强大的仪器，可以在挑战愈合环境中引导有效的骨组织再生。然而，最合适的骨组织工程生物材料仍然是一个激烈的辩论领域。实际上，实际骨的机械性能可以在体外再现，但功能骨代替骨代替骨的发育超出了唯一的机械性能。母骨作为功能器官的忠实繁殖需要不同细胞类型和在骨形成和再生阶段所涉及的分子信号的时间调节。这不是一项琐碎的任务。这里，描述了包括机械负载，炎症，血管化和支配的骨愈合/再生的关键方面。成功和生物材料发展背后的挑战以及用于调节它们的技术，以支持潜在的蜂窝制机制。

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