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Selective and Responsive Nanoreactors

机译：选择性和响应性纳米反应器

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摘要

Chemical reactions can be confined to nanoscale compartments by encapsulating catalysts in hollow nanoobjects. Such reaction compartments effectively become nanoreactors when substrate and product are exchanged between bulk solution and cavity. A key issue, thereby, is control of shell permeability. Nanoreactors exhibit selectivity and responsiveness if their shells discriminate among molecules and if access can be modulated by external triggers. Here, we review natural nanoreactors that include protein-based bacterial microcompartments, protein cages, and viruses. Artificial nanoreactors based on dendrimers, layer-by-layer capsules, and amphiphilic block copolymer polymersomes are also discussed. Selectivity in these nanoreactors is either due to intrinsic reactor-shell semipermeability or can be engineered using smart polymers to gate the reactors. Moreover, a rich repertoire of pores and channels are already provided in nature, e.g., in protein-based nanoreactors or in trans-membrane channel proteins. The latter can be reconstituted in polymersomes, resulting in gated vesicles. Nanoreactors hold promise for applications ranging from selective and size-constrained organic synthesis to biomedical advances (e.g., artificial organelles, biosensing) and as analytical tools to study reaction mechanisms.
机译：通过将催化剂封装在空心纳米物体中，可以将化学反应限制在纳米级隔室中。当在本体溶液和腔之间交换底物和产物时，这样的反应隔室有效地成为纳米反应器。因此，关键问题是壳渗透性的控制。如果纳米反应器的外壳在分子之间进行区分，并且可以通过外部触发器调节进入，则它们会表现出选择性和响应性。在这里，我们回顾了天然纳米反应器，包括基于蛋白质的细菌微隔间，蛋白质笼和病毒。还讨论了基于树枝状聚合物，逐层胶囊和两亲性嵌段共聚物聚合物囊泡的人工纳米反应器。这些纳米反应器的选择性要么是由于固有的反应器-壳半渗透性，要么可以通过使用智能聚合物对反应器进行浇口来进行设计。此外，自然界中已经提供了丰富的孔和通道库，例如，在基于蛋白质的纳米反应器中或在跨膜通道蛋白中。后者可以在多聚体中重构，形成门控囊泡。纳米反应器的应用前景广阔，从选择性和受尺寸限制的有机合成到生物医学进展（例如人工细胞器，生物传感），以及作为研究反应机理的分析工具。

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  • 来源
    《Advanced Functional Materials》 |2011年第7期|p.1241-1259|共19页
  • 作者

    Kasper Renggli; Patric Baumann; Karolina Langowska; Ozana Onaca; Nico Bruns; Wolfgang Meier;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;

    Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;

    Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;

    Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;

    Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;

    Department of Chemistry University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland;

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