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Conventional Electron Microscopy and Electron Holography of Organic Solar Cells

机译：有机太阳能电池的常规电子显微镜和电子全息照相

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Organic solar cells are a promising route towards large-area and low-price photovoltaic systems. The devices are composed of at least two layers: the hole-transport layer and the electron-transport layer. The light absorption can occur in one or both layers. At the interface of the layers the excitons are separated into charge carriers, and every layer deals with one type of carrier. Higher efficiencies of the separation process can be obtained by using a mixed layer containing both materials to obtain a very high interface area. Although the structure of the mixed layers used plays a crucial role for the device performance, until now the morphologies have not been elucidated. In order to correlate physical and optical findings with structure and morphology for the materials in question, electron microscopy experiments were performed on the single components as well as on the layer systems. The conventional electron microscope is a poor phase microscope. As consequence, weak-phase objects like organic molecules have to be stained or imaged under strong defocus to produce an observable contrast. Artifacts caused by chemical staining and the appearance of Fresnel diffraction using the defocus technique represent the main problems of conventional microscopy. These artifacts can be avoided using electron holography. Holograms of ultrathin sections of thin layers composed of organic dye molecules were recorded. Subsequently, the phase images were reconstructed. In this manner, we succeeded in obtaining high-contrast electron micrographs without applying staining or defocus. In addition, holograms of crystalline C_(60) and zinc phthalocyanine were successfully recorded. Holography has been shown to be a useful tool to image beam-sensitive and weak-phase objects without artifacts.
机译：有机太阳能电池是通往大面积，低价光伏系统的有前途的途径。器件由至少两层组成：空穴传输层和电子传输层。光吸收可以发生在一层或两层中。在各层的界面上，激子被分成电荷载流子，每一层处理一种载流子。通过使用包含两种材料的混合层可以获得非常高的界面面积，可以获得更高的分离工艺效率。尽管所使用的混合层的结构对于器件性能起着至关重要的作用，但直到现在仍未阐明其形态。为了使所讨论材料的物理和光学发现与结构和形态相关联，对单个组件以及层系统进行了电子显微镜实验。常规电子显微镜是差相显微镜。结果，诸如有机分子之类的弱相物体必须在强烈的散焦下染色或成像以产生可观察到的对比度。由化学染色引起的伪像和使用散焦技术的菲涅耳衍射的出现代表了常规显微镜的主要问题。这些伪影可以使用电子全息图避免。记录由有机染料分子组成的薄层的超薄部分的全息图。随后，重建相位图像。以这种方式，我们成功地获得了高对比度的电子显微照片，而没有进行染色或散焦。此外，成功地记录了晶体C_（60）和酞菁锌的全息图。全息术已被证明是对光束敏感的弱相位物体成像的有用工具。

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