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Toxicity Evaluation for Safe Use of Nanomaterials: Recent Achievements and Technical Challenges

机译：安全使用纳米材料的毒性评估：最新成果和技术挑战

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摘要

Recent developments in the field of nanotechnology involving the synthesis of novel nanomaterials (NM) have attracted the attention of numerous scientists owing to the possibility of degradative perturbations in human health. This Review evaluates previous investigations related to NM toxicity studies using biological models and describes the limitations that often prevent toxicologists from identifying whether NM pose a real hazard to human health. One major limitation to assess toxicity is the characterization of the NM prior to and after exposure to living cells or animals. The most relevant physicochemical characteristics of NM are: size, surface chemistry, crystal-linity, morphology, solubility, aggregation tendency, homogeneity of dispersions, and turbidity. All of these properties need to be assessed in order to determine their contribution to toxicity. Due to the lack of appropriate methods to determine the physicochemical nature of nanoparticles in biological systems, the exact nature of NM toxicity is not fully described or understood at this time. This Review emphasizes the need for state-of-the-art physicochemical characterization, the determination of appropriate exposure protocols and reliable methods for assessing NM internalization and their kinetics in living organisms. Once these issues are addressed, optimal experimental conditions could be established in order to identify if NM pose a threat to human health. Multidisciplinary research between materials scientists and life scientists should overcome these limitations in identifying the true hazards of NM.
机译：涉及合成新型纳米材料（NM）的纳米技术领域的最新发展由于对人类健康造成破坏性干扰的可能性而引起了众多科学家的关注。这篇综述使用生物学模型评估了与NM毒性研究相关的先前研究，并描述了通常使毒理学家无法识别NM是否对人类健康构成真正危害的局限性。评估毒性的一个主要限制是暴露于活细胞或动物之前和之后NM的特征。 NM最相关的理化特性是：大小，表面化学，结晶度，形态，溶解度，聚集趋势，分散体的均质性和浊度。为了确定它们对毒性的贡献，需要评估所有这些特性。由于缺乏确定生物系统中纳米粒子的理化性质的适当方法，因此目前尚无法完全描述或理解NM毒性的确切性质。这篇评论强调了对最先进的物理化学表征，确定适当的暴露方案以及评估生物体内NM内化及其动力学的可靠方法的需求。一旦解决了这些问题，就可以确定最佳的实验条件，以便确定NM是否对人类健康构成威胁。材料科学家和生命科学家之间的多学科研究应克服这些局限性，从而确定NM的真正危害。

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  • 来源
    《Advanced Materials》 |2009年第16期|1549-1559|共11页
  • 作者

    Saber M. Hussain; Laura K. Braydich-Stolle; Amanda M. Schrand; Richard C. Murdock; Kyung O. Yu; David M. Mattie; John J. Schlager; Mauricio Terrones;

  • 作者单位

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory (711 HPW/RHPB), Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (USA);

    Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San Jose 2055, Col. Lomas 4~a Seccion, San Luis Potosi 78216 (Mexico);

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