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首页> 外文期刊>Advances in Water Resources >A numerical model for the simulation of snowpack solute dynamics to capture runoff ionic pulses during snowmelt: The PULSE model
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A numerical model for the simulation of snowpack solute dynamics to capture runoff ionic pulses during snowmelt: The PULSE model

机译：用于模拟积雪过程中溶质动力学以捕获融雪期间径流离子脉冲的数值模型：PULSE模型

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摘要

Early ionic pulse during spring snow-melt can account for a significant portion of the total annual nutrient load in seasonally snow-covered areas. Ionic pulses are a consequence of snow grain core to surface ion segregation during metamorphism, a process commonly referred to as ion exclusion. While numerous studies have provided quantitative measurements of this phenomenon, very few process-based mathematical models have been proposed for diagnostic and prognostic investigations. A few early modelling attempts have been successful in capturing this process assuming transport through porous media with variable porosity. However, this process is represented in models in ways that misalign with the mechanistic view of the process described in the literature.In this research, a process-based model is proposed that can simulated ionic pulses in runoff by emulating solute leaching from snow grains during melt and the subsequent vertical solute transport by meltwater through the snowpack. To facilitate its use without the need for snow-physics' models, simplified alternative methods are proposed to estimate some of the variables required by the model.The model was applied to two regions, and a total of 4 study sites, that are subject to significantly different winter climatic and hydrological conditions. Comparison between observations and simulation results suggest that the model can capture well the overall snow melt runoff concentration pattern, including both the timing and magnitude of the early melt ionic pulse. The model enables the prediction of concentration profiles of the dry (snow) and liquid (wet) fractions within the snow matrix for the first time. Although there is a computational cost associated with the proposed modelling framework, this study demonstrates that it can provide more detailed information about the reallocation and transport of ions through snowpacks, which can ultimately be used to improve nutrient transport predictions during snowmelt.
机译：春季融雪期间的早期离子脉冲可占季节性积雪地区年养分总负荷的很大一部分。离子脉冲是变质过程中雪粒核心与表面离子偏析的结果，该过程通常称为离子排斥。尽管许多研究已经对该现象进行了定量测量，但很少提出基于过程的数学模型用于诊断和预后研究。假设通过具有可变孔隙率的多孔介质传输，一些早期的建模尝试已经成功地捕获了这一过程。但是，该过程在模型中的表示方式与文献中描述的过程的机械观点不一致。在本研究中，提出了一种基于过程的模型，该模型可以通过模拟积雪期间雪粒中的溶质淋溶来模拟径流中的离子脉冲。融化和随后的垂直溶质通过融雪穿过积雪的运输。为了在不需要雪物理学模型的情况下方便使用，建议使用简化的替代方法来估算模型所需的一些变量。该模型应用于两个区域，总共有4个研究地点冬季气候和水文条件明显不同。观测值和模拟结果之间的比较表明，该模型可以很好地捕获整个融雪径流的浓度模式，包括早期融化离子脉冲的时间和幅度。该模型可以首次预测雪矩阵内干燥（雪）和液体（湿）部分的浓度分布。尽管所提出的建模框架存在计算成本，但这项研究表明，它可以提供有关离子通过雪堆的重新分配和传输的更详细的信息，这些信息最终可用于改善融雪期间养分迁移的预测。

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