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Ice accretion and release in fuel systems

机译：燃油系统中积冰和释放

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Following the B777 accident at Heathrow in 2008, the certification authorities required Boeing, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce to conduct icing analysis and tests of their Rolls-Royce Trent engined aircraft fuel systems. The experience and the test data gained from these activities were distilled and released by Airbus to the EASA 1CAR project for research and analysis. This paper provided an overview of the Airbus ice accretion and release tests. Brief narratives on the test rigs, the test procedure and methodology were given and key findings from the ice release investigations were presented. The accreted ice thickness was non-uniform; however, it is found typically c. 2 mm thick. Analysis of the accreted ice collected from the rig tests showed the ice was very porous. The porosity is very much dependant on how the water was introduced and mixed in the icing test rigs. The standard Airbus method produced accreted ice of higher porosity compared to that produced by the injection method. The porosity of the accreted ice from Airbus icing investigations was found to be c. 0.90. The relationship of permeability with porosity was inferred from published data and models for freshly fallen snow in the atmosphere. Derived permeability 7.0 x 10(-9) m(2) was then applied in the CFD analysis of pipe flow with a porous wall lining to determine the shear stress on the accreted ice. It showed that 25%, 50% and 75% of the accreted ice has interface shear strength of less than 15.3 Pa, 20.7 Pa and 26.1 Pa, respectively.
机译：在2008年希思罗机场发生B777事故之后，认证机构要求波音，空中客车公司和劳斯莱斯公司对其劳斯莱斯Trent发动机飞机燃油系统进行结冰分析和测试。从这些活动中获得的经验和测试数据被空客提取并发布到EASA 1CAR项目进行研究和分析。本文概述了空中客车的积冰和释放测试。给出了有关试验台，试验程序和方法的简要叙述，并介绍了冰层释放调查的主要发现。积冰厚度不均匀；但是，通常可以找到c。 2毫米厚。对从钻机测试中收集的积冰进行的分析表明，该冰非常多孔。孔隙率很大程度上取决于在结冰试验台中如何引入和混合水。与通过注入方法生产的冰相比，标准的空中客车方法生产的积冰具有更高的孔隙率。空中客车结冰调查发现积冰的孔隙率为c。 0.90。渗透率与孔隙率之间的关系是根据已发布的数据和大气中新近降雪的模型得出的。然后将推导的渗透率7.0 x 10（-9）m（2）应用于带有多孔壁衬里的管道流的CFD分析中，以确定积冰上的剪切应力。结果表明，积冰的25％，50％和75％的界面剪切强度分别小于15.3 Pa，20.7 Pa和26.1 Pa。

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