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Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

机译：循环代码移位键控：拦截通信技术的低概率

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摘要

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.
机译：描述了已知称为循环码移位键控（CCSK）的低截距（LPI）或低概率（LPD）通信技术的概率。我们讨论CCSK​​的基本概念，并根据使用用于双相调制的随机或伪随机码来描述一个系统。我们使用模拟来表明可以通过使用适用于M-ARY正交信令（MOS）的现有等式来密切估算CCSK的误码率（BER）。此外，我们表明，当每个符号的比特数是相同的时，CCSK需要显着更少的计算。我们表明，使用具有大时间带宽产品的波形和非常低的输入信噪比（SNR）的波形，因此通过辐射计固有地具有LPI。我们评估辐射计的检测，并表明通过使用大于约2 / sup 12 /（即，通过每符号传输大约12比特的长度的长度来实现LPI。结果说明了CCSK符号长度和误差概率以及辐射仪（PFA）的辐射计积分时间和概率的效果，并通过辐射计检测。我们描述了CCSK称为截短的CCSK（TCCSK）的变化。在该系统中，长度2 / sup k /循环移位的代码，然后截断并传输。虽然缩短，截断的代码仍然代表k个信息，从而导致数据速率提高。我们评估TCCSK的辐射计检测，结果表明，与CCSK的检测相比，检测的概率增加。

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