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Numerical investigation of the operating process of the liquid hydrogen tank under gaseous hydrogen pressurization

机译：气态氢气加压下液氢罐运行过程的数值研究

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摘要

In order to accurately predict the whole operating process of a liquid hydrogen tank under gaseous hydrogen pressurization, a 2-D axial symmetry Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) based numerical simulation method is established. Phase change and turbulence models are included in the numerical simulation. The variations of physical parameters such as the ullage mass, temperature and pressure, are carefully analyzed. The different effects are given based on simulations with and without phase change, and the comparison between feedback pressurization and open pressurization is also given. Compared with the NASA's experiment under the feedback pressurization, the simulation results show that the deviation of pressurant gas masses consumption is 11.0% during the whole operating process. The deviation of the total ullage mass is -0.8%, 1.4% and 7.6% for the ramp period, the hold period and the expulsion period, respectively. The deviation of phase change mass is 7.5% and -21.5% for the ramp period and the expulsion period, respectively. The simulation results also reach an agreement with the experiment on the energy absorption proportions and demonstrate that most of the energy addition from the external environment and the pressurizing gas is absorbed by the tank wall. The liquid gains the least energy during the expulsion period. Temperature stratification appears along the axial direction in the surface liquid region and the ullage region, and the bulk liquid is in a subcooled state. The location of phase change mainly appears near the vapor-liquid interface, where the net condensation appears during the ramp period and the hold period, while the net vaporization appears during the expulsion period. The phase change increases the amplitude of temperature oscillation. The open pressurization has an ullage pressure peak and an average ullage temperature peak, which lead to large impacts on the tank structure, but the control of the inlet mass flow rate is easy to implement. The feedback pressurization could maintain a steady ullage pressure, but more pressurant gas masses are consumed, and the control of inlet mass flow rate becomes more complicated. The simulation results can be used as references for design optimization of the pressurization systems of cryogenic liquid launch vehicles in order to save pressurant gas masses and decrease the ullage pressure peak which could reduce the tank wall thickness and enhance the carrying capacity of liquid launch vehicles. (C) 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
机译：为了准确预测液态氢罐在气态氢气加压下的整个运行过程，建立了基于二维轴向对称流体体积（VOF）的数值模拟方法。数值模拟中包括相变和湍流模型。仔细分析了物理参数的变化，例如空载质量，温度和压力。基于有和没有相变的仿真，给出了不同的效果，并且还给出了反馈加压与开放加压之间的比较。与NASA在反馈加压下的实验相比，仿真结果表明，在整个运行过程中，加压气体质量消耗的偏差为11.0％。斜升期，保持期和驱逐期的总废料质量偏差分别为-0.8％，1.4％和7.6％。对于斜坡期和驱逐期，相变质量的偏差分别为7.5％和-21.5％。模拟结果也与能量吸收比例的实验结果吻合，并表明大部分来自外部环境和增压气体的能量被罐壁吸收。在驱逐期间，液体获得的能量最少。在表面液体区域和缺损区域中沿轴向出现温度分层，并且散装液体处于过冷状态。相变的位置主要出现在气液界面附近，在凝结期和保持期出现净冷凝，而在排出期出现净蒸发。相变增加了温度振荡的幅度。开路加压具有一个空缺压力峰值和一个平均空缺温度峰值，这会对罐的结构产生很大的影响，但是入口质量流率的控制很容易实现。反馈加压可以维持稳定的空缺压力，但是消耗了更多的加压气体质量，并且入口质量流量的控制变得更加复杂。仿真结果可为低温液体运载火箭增压系统的设计优化提供参考，以节省增压气体质量，减少空压峰值，从而减小罐壁厚度，提高液体运载火箭的承载能力。 （C）2019 Elsevier Masson SAS。版权所有。

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