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An efficient adjoint method for the aero-stealth shape optimization design

机译：有效的航空隐形型优化设计伴随方法

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摘要

Sensitivity analysis is an important part of gradient-based aero-stealth shape optimization design. An efficient Radar Cross Section (RCS) gradient evaluation method based on the adjoint approach is proposed in this paper. The merits of this proposed method mainly include the following two aspects. First, the adjoint field will be obtained from a single solution of the scattering problem without solving the adjoint equation. Second, the residual derivatives computing code is generated through the adjoint mode of Automatic Differentiation (AD) technique and is optimized by changing the "two-sweeps" architecture into the "inner-loop two-sweeps" architecture. The time consumption and memory usage are tested and the results show that the AD adjoint mode with "inner-loop two-sweeps" architecture is high efficiency while the memory consumption is friendly. In addition, the accuracy of the adjoint method is verified through the finite differences method. After that, a gradient-based aero-stealth optimization design method is developed and employed to study the shape requirements of aerodynamic and stealth performance. The cost function is composed of the drag coefficient and the RCS. The results show that several trade-off configurations would be obtained by selecting different weight factors and the pure stealth optimization design would lead to a screwy shape. Further studies illustrate that the RCS reduction comes from two aspects. On the one hand, the sharp leading edge could reduce the surface current magnitude and avoid the specular back-scattering. On the other hand, the undulations could change the phases and weaken the superimposed effect. (C) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
机译：敏感性分析是基于梯度的航空隐形形状优化设计的重要组成部分。本文提出了一种基于伴随方法的有效雷达横截面（RCS）梯度评估方法。这种方法的优点主要包括以下两个方面。首先，将从散射问题的单个解决方案获得伴随区域而不求解伴随方程。其次，通过自动差分（AD）技术的伴随方式生成剩余衍生物计算代码，并通过将“双扫描”架构更改为“内循环双扫描”架构来优化。测试时间消耗和内存使用量，结果表明，随着“内环双扫描”架构的广告伴随模式是高效率，而存储器消耗很友好。此外，通过有限差异方法验证伴随方法的准确性。之后，开发了一种基于梯度的航空隐形优化设计方法，用于研究空气动力学和隐形性能的形状要求。成本函数由拖动系数和RC组成。结果表明，通过选择不同的权重因子，纯粹的隐形优化设计将导致螺栓形状来获得几种权衡配置。进一步的研究表明，RCS减少来自两个方面。一方面，尖锐的前缘可以减小表面电流幅度并避免镜面背散射。另一方面，起伏可以改变阶段并削弱叠加效果。 （c）2021 Elsevier Masson SAS。版权所有。

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