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Techno-Economic Appraisal for Strategic Planning of Rice Mechanization in Kerala, India

机译：印度喀拉拉邦水稻机械化战略规划的技术经济评价

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Techno-economic analysis of farm machinery in relation to the specific agro-climatic scenario provides vital information required for planning and implementing a mechanization strategy in Kerala. Information on economics and technical data of machinery were acquired from studies taken up in the central zone of Kerala state, India. The highly vulnerable position of rice production systems under low level of mechanization as well as the economic superiority of high level mechanization over low level mechanization was revealed in the comparative evaluation. The plotted curves depicting the variation of hourly operation costs (HOC) and unit area operation costs (UAOC) of different machines with respect to annual working hours (AWH) as well as annual area operated can serve as a guideline in decision making for the use of machinery. The command area of the individual machines and their break even points with respect to AWH and annual area operated were estimated. Rice being the staple food of the people of Kerala state in India, sustaining its cultivation is vital for assuring food security in the State. Over the last three decades, area under rice cultivation has drastically reduced to reach a mere 2,34,013 ha. The annual rice production in Kerala during 2009-10 was only 598,339 tonnes as against the actual requirement of 3,800,000 tonnes. Apart from assuring food security, sustaining paddy fields is also essential for maintenance of ecological balance. Once the rice fields are altered for other crops necessitating fast drainage of rain water, these can no longer serve as ground water recharge zones and the consequential lowering of ground water level results in drinking water shortage. Hence it is imperative to sustain rice cultivation in Kerala for ensuring food security, for assuring ground water and for preservation of biodiversity. The deceleration in the urge to take up rice cultivation is due to the fact that highly labour intensive cultivation practices are not economically sustainable in a state where high wage rates are rampant. Nevertheless, in the periods of intense crop production activity farmers face acute labour shortage. The universal solution to these problems was adoption of mechanized farming, but the pace with which mechanization advanced in the wheat belt of India could not be noticed in Kerala (James, 1989). James and Regina (1993) reported that unlike other agricultural technologies, agricultural mechanization has severe limitations in farm level adoption. James and Ahmed (1994) delineated a strategy for technology transfer in this sector. James et al. (1995) reported that the fear of labour displacement due to agricultural mechanization was baseless and rice farm mechanization offers employment opportunities in the operation, service, manufacture and marketing of machines, which the educated youth of this highly literate state will find more attractive. It has been reported that the cost of cultivation of rice in Kerala can tremendously be reduced by selective mechanization, as the wage rates in Kerala were the highest in India (James et al., 1996). Mechanization of highly labour intensive operations like transplanting and harvesting offers a helping hand to the farmer (James and Pillay, 1998). The important questions in relation to farm mechanization are what type of mechanization is required and, when and how should technology be applied at the farm level (Rijk, 1986). Economic analysis of farm machinery in relation to the specific agro-climatic and socio-economic scenario provides vital information required for planning and imple-meriting a mechanization strategy (James et al., 2006). Even though a set of machinery for rice cultivation has been proposed by James (2008), a detailed techno-economic analysis was lacking. Wiren-Lehr (2001) emphasized that the objective of concepts to implement sustainabil-ity in agriculture is to consolidate the complex and diverse principles of the theoretical paradigm and to transform them into recommendations for agricultural practices. With rice machinery acquiring popularity, farmers and field officers are often unable to adopt appropriate machinery suited to specific conditions of padasekharams (agglomerated paddy fields of varying areal extends and individual fields within a specific padasekharam have identical agro-ecologic and similar geophysical situations). It is a handicap that a strategic guideline is lacking in promulgating an appropriate rice mechanization strategy vis-a-vis the specific situations and hence an analysis of the techno-economic aspects of rice machinery adoption for the central zone of Kerala was attempted.
机译：与特定农业气候情景相关的农机技术经济分析，为规划和实施喀拉拉邦的机械化战略提供了重要信息。有关机械经济和技术数据的信息是从印度喀拉拉邦中部地区进行的研究中获得的。在比较评价中显示了低机械化水平下水稻生产系统的高度脆弱地位，以及高水平机械化对低水平机械化的经济优势。绘制的曲线描述了不同机器的每小时运行成本（HOC）和单位面积运行成本（UAOC）相对于年度工作时间（AWH）以及年度运行面积的变化，可以作为使用决策的指导机械。估计了各个机器的指令区域及其相对于AWH的收支平衡点和所操作的年度区域。大米是印度喀拉拉邦人民的主食，维持其种植对于确保该邦的粮食安全至关重要。在过去的三十年中，水稻种植面积急剧减少，仅达到2,34,013公顷。 2009-10年期间，喀拉拉邦的大米年产量仅为598,339吨，而实际需求为380万吨。除了确保粮食安全外，维持稻田对于维持生态平衡也至关重要。一旦将稻田改种其他作物，需要快速排雨水，这些稻田将不再充当地下水补给区，因此，地下水位的降低导致饮用水短缺。因此，必须在喀拉拉邦维持水稻种植，以确保粮食安全，确保地下水和保护生物多样性。进行稻米种植的渴望之所以减速，是因为在高工资水平猖state的州，高度劳动密集型的种植方式在经济上是不可持续的。然而，在作物生产活跃的时期，农民面临严重的劳动力短缺。解决这些问题的普遍方法是采用机械化耕作，但是在喀拉拉邦却没有注意到印度麦田机械化发展的步伐（James，1989）。 James and Regina（1993）报道说，与其他农业技术不同，农业机械化对农场水平的采用有严格的限制。詹姆斯和艾哈迈德（James and Ahmed，1994）提出了该部门技术转让的战略。詹姆斯等。 （1995）报道说，由于农业机械化而导致的劳动力流离失所的恐惧是毫无根据的，而水稻农场机械化为机器的操作，服务，制造和销售提供了就业机会，这个文化程度很高的受过教育的青年将发现更具吸引力。据报道，喀拉拉邦的水稻种植成本可以通过选择性机械化来大大降低，因为喀拉拉邦的工资率是印度最高的（James等，1996）。诸如移植和收获之类的劳动密集型操作的机械化为农民提供了帮助（James and Pillay，1998）。与农场机械化有关的重要问题是，需要什么类型的机械化，何时以及如何在农场一级应用技术（Rijk，1986）。与特定的农业气候和社会经济情景相关的农机经济分析为规划和实施机械化战略提供了重要信息（James等，2006）。尽管James（2008）提出了一套水稻种植机械，但仍缺乏详细的技术经济分析。 Wiren-Lehr（2001）强调，在农业中实现可持续性的概念的目标是巩固理论范式的复杂多样的原则，并将其转化为对农业实践的建议。随着稻米机械的普及，农民和田间管理人员常常无法采用适合于特定条件的适当的机械（聚集的稻田面积不同，特定的稻米生物中的各个田地具有相同的农业生态和相似的地球物理情况）。不利的是缺乏针对具体情况颁布适当的水稻机械化战略的战略指导，因此尝试对喀拉拉邦中部地区采用水稻机械的技术经济方面进行分析。

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  • 作者

    P. Shaji James; F. Mary Regina;

  • 作者单位

    Krishi Vigyan Kendra Palakkad, Kerala Agricultural University, Pattambi, Kerala, 679 306 INDIA;

    Krishi Vigyan Kendra Thrissur, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, 680 656 INDIA;

  • 收录信息 美国《工程索引》(EI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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