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首页> 外文期刊>Agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America >Energy Budgeting of Sustainable Rice Based Cropping Systems in Sub Tropical India
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Energy Budgeting of Sustainable Rice Based Cropping Systems in Sub Tropical India

机译：亚热带印度基于水稻的可持续种植系统的能源预算

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摘要

The field investigations were carried out for energy dynamics in terms of various input used and outputs harvested under rice (Oryza satva L.) based cropping systems at the research farm of Project Directorate for Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, India during 2003 to 2007. The experiments were conducted with five rice planting methods, viz. direct seeding; 1) dry bed, drum seeding 2) wet bed, mechanical transplanting 3) puddled, mechanical transplanting 4) unpuddled and manual transplanting 5) puddled and three cropping systems involving rice (Oryza satva L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori. Paol.), rice-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and rice-mustard (Brassica Juncia L. czernj & coss.) crops in randomized block design replicated three times. The results revealed that the input energy consumed was 40, 27, 14 and 7.7 percent in fertilizer, diesel fuel for irrigation, machineries, and labour of total energy used, respectively, for crop production in rice-wheat system. The comparison of different cropping systems shows that rice-chickpea consumed least input energy (i.e. 30,698 to 35,046 MJ/ha) followed by rice-mustard (varied from 36,195 to 40,543 MJ/ ha) and rice-wheat (varied from 39,984 to 44,332 MJ/ha). System wise energy analysis indicated that the highest input energy (44,332 MJ/ha) was consumed in manually transplanted (puddled) followed by mechanically transplanted-puddled (43,686 MJ/ha) while lowest was mechanically transplanted-unpuddled (39,984 MJ/ha), direct seeded-dry bed (42,027 MJ/ha) and drum seeded-wet bed (42,197 MJ/ ha) in rice-wheat system. The output energy was highest in drum seeded (212,798 MJ/ha) closely followed by direct seeded (211,350 MJ/ha) and lowest was manually transplanted in puddled (193,916 MJ/ha) which is statistically at par. The net return energy of the system was found to be high in drum seeded (170,595 MJ/ha) followed by direct seeded (169,271 MJ/ha) and lowest was in manually transplanted in puddled (149,390 MJ/ha) which were nonsignificant. The direct and drum seeded required about 5 percent less input energy and gave 8 to 9 percent higher output energy as compared to manually transplanted in puddled field. Whereas, in case of mechanically transplanted (unpuddled), it required 10 percent less input energy and provided 6 percent higher output energy, however, in puddled condition mechanically transplanted required 1.5 percent less input energy and gave 3 percent higher output energy as compared to manually transplanted (puddled). Similar pattern of energy dynamics were also found in rice-chickpea and rice-mustard systems.
机译：在2003年至2007年期间，对印度米拉特莫迪普拉姆农业系统研究项目局的研究农场在基于稻米（Oryza satva L.）的种植系统下使用的各种投入和收获进行了能源动力学方面的田野调查。实验是用五种水稻种植方法进行的。直接播种； 1）干床，转鼓播种2）湿床，机械移植3）混泥土，机械移栽4）松土土和人工移栽5）混泥土和三个种植系统，涉及水稻（Oryza satva L。）-小麦（Triticum aestivum L.emend。 Fiori。Paol。），鹰嘴豆（Cicer arietinum L.）和水稻芥子（Brassica Juncia L. czernj＆coss。）农作物以随机区组设计重复了3次。结果表明，在稻麦系统中，化肥，灌溉用的柴油，机械和劳动所消耗的总能源消耗的输入能量分别为40％，27％，14％和7.7％。不同种植系统的比较显示，鹰嘴豆消耗的能源最少（即30,698至35,046 MJ / ha），其次是稻芥末（从36,195至40,543 MJ / ha）和稻麦（从39,984至44,332 MJ） /哈）。从系统角度进行能量分析表明，手动移植（水坑）消耗的最高输入能量（44,332 MJ / ha），然后是机械移植-水坑消耗的输入能量（43,686 MJ / ha），而机械移植-非水坑消耗的输入能量最低（39,984 MJ / ha），稻麦系统中的直接播种干床（42,027 MJ / ha）和鼓播湿床（42,197 MJ / ha）。滚筒播种的输出能量最高（212,798 MJ / ha），紧随其后的是直接播种的能量（211,350 MJ / ha），人工播种的最低（193,916 MJ / ha），统计上与标准水平相同。发现该系统的净返回能量在转鼓播种时高（170,595 MJ / ha），其次是直接播种（169,271 MJ / ha），而在人工播种的最低水坑中的净返回能量（149,390 MJ / ha）不明显。与人工播种相比，直接播种和转鼓播种所需的输入能量要少约5％，输出能量要高出8％至9％。而对于机械移植（未填充），其输入能量要低10％，输出能量要高出6％，但是，在填充条件下，机械移植所需的输入能量要比手动降低1.5％，输出能量要高出3％移植（水dd）。在稻－鹰嘴豆和稻－芥末系统中也发现了类似的能量动力学模式。

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