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Implications of local policies and institutions on the adoption of improved fallows in eastern Zambia

机译：地方政策和机构对赞比亚东部地区休耕改善的影响

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Planted-tree fallows (syn. improved fallows) have demonstrated great biophysical potential for improving soil fertility on smallholders' farms but efforts to scale up their adoption to more farming households are constrained by lack of permanent ownership rights over land, incidence of bush fires and browsing of tree biomass by livestock. To resolve these institutional bottlenecks, some traditional authorities in Zambia enacted bylaws to prohibit these incursions. Using a combination of village workshops, expert opinion surveys and structured questionnaires, this study assessed the effectiveness of the bylaws across the major cultural communities in eastern Zambia, identified factors that influence the effectiveness of the bylaws and the lessons emanating from the bylaws in the scaling up of improved fallows. The results indicate that fire poses greater risks to the scaling up of agroforestry than does grazing in terms of the risk of occurrence and the extent of damage. Respondents identified mice hunters and `jealous' neighbors as main causes of fire outbreaks. The effectiveness of the bylaws is influenced by many factors such as ambiguous interpretation of the bylaws, relying exclusively on moral persuasion to enforce the bylaws and lack of well defined responsibilities for enforcing the bylaws, conflict of economic interests among different stakeholders within the communities. Formal documentation of the bylaws will be helpful, but that would not be an exclusive panacea to solve all the constraints. The pattern of distribution of benefits (or costs) of an agricultural technology among various sectors of a community may be important factors that affect widespread adoption of a technology. Technological characteristics are important but not exclusive condition for sustained widespread adoption of soil fertility management options. Privatizing seasonal commons is an important issue in the development of institutional regulations within communities. Policy dialogue among community members, increased awareness and diversification of options appear to be the way forward to improve the effectiveness of the bylaws.
机译：植树休闲法（综合改善休闲法）已显示出巨大的生物物理潜力，可改善小农农场的土壤肥力，但由于缺乏对土地的永久所有权，灌木丛生火和森林砍伐，使扩大其耕种规模的努力受到限制。牲畜浏览树木生物量。为了解决这些机构瓶颈，赞比亚的一些传统当局颁布了禁止这些入侵的章程。通过结合村庄讲习班，专家意见调查和结构化问卷调查，本研究评估了赞比亚东部主要文化社区的章程的有效性，确定了影响章程有效性的因素以及章程在规模扩展方面的经验教训。休假的改善。结果表明，就发生风险和破坏程度而言，火灾对放牧农用林业的风险大于放牧。受访者将老鼠猎人和“嫉妒”的邻居确定为引起火灾的主要原因。章程的有效性受到许多因素的影响，例如对章程的解释含糊，完全依靠道德说服力来执行章程，缺乏明确的执行章程责任，社区内不同利益相关者之间的经济利益冲突。章程的正式文档会有所帮助，但这不是解决所有限制的灵丹妙药。农业技术的收益（或成本）在社区各个部门之间的分配方式可能是影响技术广泛采用的重要因素。技术特性对于持续广泛地采用土壤肥力管理方案很重要，但并非唯一条件。季节性公共私有化是社区内部制度法规发展的重要问题。社区成员之间的政策对话，提高意识和选择的多样化似乎是提高章程有效性的前进之路。

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