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Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review

机译：与中东地区颗粒物相关的浓度，来源和暴露风险—综述

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摘要

Rapid economic expansion, industrialization, urbanisation and construction in the Middle East Area (MEA) have led to an increase in the levels of air pollution, resulting in serious effects on human health. For the first time, this article provides a comprehensive synthesis of the currently available published information which deals with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in MEA. The focus of the article remains on the PM sources, monitoring, health impacts and source apportionment. The key objectives are to identify the levels of PM pollution and the associated exposure risks, to highlight research gaps and to discuss future research directions. The limited number of monitoring studies available for MEA indicates that dust storms augmented by the rapid increase in urban population are the key reasons for the high PM concentration levels. The findings of reviewed monitoring studies suggest that the levels of both annual mean PM10 (20 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) concentrations exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines during most of the non-dust storm episodes, and as expected, the PM pollution levels become even higher during dust storm episodes. For example, 24-h mean PM10 concentrations of over 1,000 μg/m3 were noted during a severe dust storm episode in Kuwait. The findings of the epidemiological and toxicological studies in MEA have shown that dust storm events have a significant impact on respiratory admissions and the adverse health effects of PM are particularly in the form of asthma and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It is concluded that PM pollution in MEA is a significant problem and quantification of PM emissions and the design of control measures to abate their impacts on public health are of primary importance. Besides, there is a need for more systematic PM data collection for source apportionment and assessment of PM levels that would enable air pollution-related health impact assessments of MEA. Furthermore, this review highlights that the release of airborne PM from major building activities such as building construction is largely unknown and emission inventories for different situations are needed.
机译：中东地区（MEA）的快速经济扩张，工业化，城市化和建设导致空气污染水平上升，对人类健康产生了严重影响。本文首次提供了有关MEA中大气颗粒物（PM）的当前可用公开信息的全面综合。本文的重点仍然放在PM的来源，监测，健康影响和来源分配上。主要目标是确定PM污染水平和相关的暴露风险，突出研究差距并讨论未来的研究方向。多边环境协定可用的监测研究数量有限，这表明由于城市人口迅速增加而引起的沙尘暴是高PM浓度水平的关键原因。经审查的监测研究结果表明，在大多数非沙尘暴事件中，年平均PM10（20μg/ m3）和PM2.5（10μg/ m3）浓度均超过了世界卫生组织（WHO）的指导原则而且，正如预期的那样，沙尘暴期间的PM污染水平甚至更高。例如，在科威特发生的一次严重沙尘暴事件中，24小时平均PM10浓度超过1,000μg/ m3。 MEA中流行病学和毒理学研究的结果表明，沙尘暴事件对呼吸道入院有重大影响，而PM的不利健康影响尤其是哮喘，呼吸道和心血管疾病。结论是，多边环境协定中的PM污染是一个重大问题，量化PM排放量和设计控制措施以减轻其对公共卫生的影响至关重要。此外，还需要更系统地收集PM数据，以进行源分配和PM水平评估，以实现MEA的空气污染相关健康影响评估。此外，本次审查强调指出，从主要的建筑活动（例如建筑施工）中释放出空气中的PM基本上是未知的，并且需要针对不同情况的排放清单。

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  • 来源
    《Air quality, atmosphere & health》 |2015年第1期|67-80|共14页
  • 作者

    Vasiliki Tsiouri; Konstantinos E. Kakosimos; Prashant Kumar;

  • 作者单位

    1.Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center Texas AM University at Qatar Texas AM Engineering Building Education City PO Box 23874 Doha Qatar;

    1.Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center Texas AM University at Qatar Texas AM Engineering Building Education City PO Box 23874 Doha Qatar;

    2.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford GU2 7XH UK 3.Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre FEPS University of Surrey Guildford GU2 7XH UK;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    Particulate matter; Middle East; Air pollution exposure; Air quality management; Fine particles;

    机译：颗粒物;中东;空气污染暴露;空气质量管理;细颗粒;

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