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首页> 外文期刊>American journal of applied sciences >A Review: Biodegradation and Applications of Keratin Degrading Microorganisms and Keratinolytic Enzymes, Focusing on Thermophiles and Thermostable Serine Proteases
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A Review: Biodegradation and Applications of Keratin Degrading Microorganisms and Keratinolytic Enzymes, Focusing on Thermophiles and Thermostable Serine Proteases

机译：审查：角蛋白降解微生物和角质蛋白分解酶的生物降解和应用，重点是嗜热菌和热稳定的丝氨酸蛋白酶。

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摘要

Keratins are hard-degrading fibrous proteins, insoluble in water and organic solvents, often accumulated in nature and major components in feathers, skins, hair, horn, nail, hoof etc., Keratin-degrading microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, actinomycetes and fungi employ keratinases to attack keratin. Keratinases belonging to subtilisin-like serine proteases were classified based on similarity of amino acid sequences. Keratinolytic thermophilic or hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea have been known to degrade keratin at >70°C. General properties of thermozymes such as stability to heat and resistance to denaturing conditions; e.g., solvents and detergents have drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. Some bacterial and archaeal keratinases degrade not only fibrous keratin but also digest recalcitrant prion proteins, an etiologic agent of spongiform encephalopathies of brain and nervous system. Keratin and keratinase have a number of applications in various sectors, i.e., biotechnology, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, medical therapy and waste management. On the other hand, accumulation of excess amount of keratin is recognized as solid waste and troublesome environmental pollutant. Biodegradation involving either keratinolytic thermophiles or thermostable keratinases not only improve digestibility and nutritive values of keratinous meals (for mixers in animal feed stuffs), but also minimize risk from infection and microbial toxin transmitted to livestock.
机译：角蛋白是难降解的纤维蛋白，不溶于水和有机溶剂，通常在自然界和羽毛，皮肤，头发，角，指甲，蹄等的主要成分中积累；降解角蛋白的微生物，例如细菌，古细菌，放线菌和真菌。使用角蛋白酶攻击角蛋白。基于氨基酸序列的相似性将属于枯草杆菌蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶的角蛋白酶分类。已知角质蛋白分解的嗜热或超嗜热细菌和古细菌会在> 70°C的温度下降解角蛋白。热酶的一般性质，例如对热的稳定性和对变性条件的抵抗力；例如，溶剂和去污剂已引起人们对各种生物技术产业的关注。一些细菌和古细菌角蛋白酶不仅降解纤维状角蛋白，而且还可以消化顽固的病毒蛋白，,蛋白是大脑和神经系统海绵状脑病的病原体。角蛋白和角蛋白酶在生物技术，化妆品和制药工业，医学治疗和废物管理的各个领域具有许多应用。另一方面，过量的角蛋白的积累被认为是固体废物和麻烦的环境污染物。涉及角化蛋白分解嗜热菌或热稳定角蛋白酶的生物降解，不仅可以提高角蛋白粉的消化率和营养价值（用于动物饲料中的混合料），而且还可以最大程度地减少感染和微生物毒素传播至牲畜的风险。

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