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CAUL IN THE FAMILY

机译：在家庭中

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Ever since Darwin proposed an evolutionary tree to describe the descent of species, linguists have sought to apply the concept in their own field. But languages can behave in quirky ways, lending to one another, changing in parallel, sometimes even converging. Now historical linguists may stand to benefit by borrowing a second idea from evolutionary biology. Peter Forster, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge, was attracted by the riddle of Celtic, which developed on the continent as Gaulish in ancient France and northern Italy. It's known that the language jumped to the British Isles, where it evolved into Scots Gaelic, Irish, Welsh and the Breton language of northern France. But did that historic jump occur in one wave or two? And when did it happen? These are difficult questions to answer, because the Gaulish language and its records were largely eradicated during the Roman conquest. Historical linguists commonly study how words in a language have changed over time, and the paucity of data left open many questions about the history of Celtic's modern descendants on the British Isles.
机译：自从达尔文提出一棵进化树来描述物种的后裔以来，语言学家一直试图将这一概念应用于自己的领域。但是语言可以以古怪的方式表现，相互借用，并行变化，有时甚至融合。现在，历史语言学家可能会从进化生物学中借用第二个观点而受益。剑桥大学的遗传学家彼得·福斯特（Peter Forster）被凯尔特人之谜所吸引，凯尔特人之谜在古法国和意大利北部的大陆上发展为高卢什（Gaulish）。众所周知，该语言跳到了不列颠群岛，在此演变成苏格兰盖尔语，爱尔兰语，威尔士语和法国北部的不列塔尼语。但是，这一历史性的跳跃是否在一两次发生？什么时候发生的？这些问题很难回答，因为在罗马人征服期间，高卢人（Gaulish）语言及其记录已被基本消除。历史语言学家通常研究语言中的单词是如何随时间变化的，而数据的匮乏使人们对不列颠群岛凯尔特现代后裔的历史提出了许多疑问。

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