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Mechanisms of Sperm Competition in Birds

机译：鸟类精子竞争机制

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摘要

The springtime image of birds pairing up has often been used as a metaphor for human mating behavior. Birds have long been thought of as forming life-long monogamous partnerships, an ideal to which many people aspire. But appearances can be deceptive. Far from being models of fidelity, it has been dear for some time that many birds are sexually promiscuous. The first inklings that this might be the case arose with the earliest stirrings of behavioral ecology in the early 1970s. The traditional view of monogamy was that each partner benefited from mutual cooperation, but behavioral ecology's focus on individual selection raised the notion that even within a monogamous relationship both males and females should behave selfishly. In a landmark paper published in 1972 Robert Trivers, then at Harvard, predicted that males should attempt to inseminate the females of other males and hence parasitize their paternal care. By doing so, they could increase their reproductive success-and, because sperm were believed to be cheap, at minimal expense. Females on the other hand were predicted to be coy, since they need to copulate only once to ensure that their eggs are fertilized. Moreover, it was thought that infidelity was potentially rather costly for a female since her partner would retaliate by reducing his investment in her offspring. At that time there had been relatively few observations of extra-pair behavior of birds, and those that had been made were explained away as nonadaptive (and in highly anthropomorphic terms)-for example, the males were "sexually dissatisfied at home."
机译：鸟类配对的春天形象经常被用作人类交配行为的隐喻。长期以来，人们一直将鸟类视为一生一夫一妻制的伙伴关系，这是许多人向往的理想。但是，外表可能具有欺骗性。很久以来，许多鸟类都没有性行为的模范，这远非忠诚。最早出现这种情况的可能是在1970年代初期，行为生态学的最早兴起。一夫一妻制的传统观点是每个伴侣都可以从相互合作中受益，但是行为生态学对个体选择的关注提出了这样的观念，即即使在一夫一妻制的关系中，男性和女性都应该表现得自私。 1972年，当时在哈佛大学的罗伯特·特里弗斯（Robert Trivers）在一份具有里程碑意义的论文中预测，男性应尝试授精其他男性的女性，因此将其父母的照护行为寄生化了。通过这样做，它们可以提高繁殖成功率，并且因为精子被认为是廉价的，而且花费最少。另一方面，由于雌性只需要交配一次以确保其卵受精，就可以预测雌性是y。此外，人们认为，对于女性而言，不忠行为可能会造成高昂的代价，因为其伴侣会通过减少对后代的投资来进行报复。那时，关于鸟类的成对行为的观察还很少，而将它们解释为非适应性的（并以高度拟人化的术语），例如，雄性“对性生活不满意”。

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  • 来源
    《American Scientist》 |1996年第3期|p.254-262|共9页
  • 作者

    Tim R. Birkhead;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
  • 关键词

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