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How a Scientific Discovery Is Made: A Case History

机译：如何进行科学发现：案例历史

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Even in the best of times, managing science has been compared to herding cats; it is not done well, but one is surprised to find it done at all. In these days of diminishing resources, the analogy seems even more striking. Setting priorities for research, choosing which projects are to be supported and which abandoned, triggers epic battles at the highest levels. It requires predicting which paths and which mixture of policies might best advance science and lead to fruitful technologies. Yet, in such debates, little attention is given to one of the most fundamental questions: What can historical cases teach us about what it takes to make a scientific discovery? There are many popular ideas abroad, often based on oversimplified textbook accounts of famous discoveries and on charming anecdotes. They have little to do with the unruly complexity of the events themselves, and can only mislead science policymakers.
机译：即使在最好的时候，科学管理也被比作放牧猫。它做得不好，但是一个人惊讶地发现它做得很好。在这些资源日益减少的日子里，这种比喻似乎更加惊人。确定研究的优先级，选择要支持的项目和放弃的项目，将引发最高级别的史诗般的战斗。它要求预测哪种途径和哪种政策组合可能最好地推动科学发展并导致成果丰硕的技术。然而，在这样的辩论中，很少有人关注最基本的问题之一：历史案例能教我们什么才能进行科学发现？国外有许多流行的想法，通常基于对著名发现的过分简化的教科书叙述和迷人的轶事。他们与事件本身的繁复无关，只会误导科学政策制定者。

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