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首页> 外文期刊>American Scientist >The Man of the Crowd
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The Man of the Crowd

机译：人群中的人

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Humans are economic animals. Although textbooks often deal with a fictitious Homo economicus guided entirely by rational self-interest, all of us—even economists—know that passions, habits and emotions vie with reason in the daily decision making that keeps up the flow of services and goods. Yet every generation of economists has come to grips in different ways with what Adam Smith referred to as our "propensity to truck, barter, and exchange." Attempts to integrate economic life into natural history are not new: Early in the 18th century, Bernard Mandeville published several editions of his Fable of the Bees, and in 1759, Adam Smith published his Theory of Moral Sentiments, well before inquiring into the "Wealth of Nations" in 1776. In the 19th century, both Karl Marx and Herbert Spencer tried to incorporate natural selection into their doctrines of social warfare. The transfer of ideas has not been onesided: Charles Darwin and Alfred Rus-sel Wallace were greatly influenced by Adam Smith and T. R. Malthus. In the 1960s and 1970s, sociobiologists such as E. O. Wilson and William D. Hamilton analyzed costs and benefits of behavioral traits in terms of reproductive suc- cess, and John Maynard Smith hijacked game theory, a tool from mathematical economy, to investigate the trial and error of mutation and selection in terms of evolutionarily stable strategies. In return, Maynard Smith's "game theory without rationality" greatly boosted experimental economics and in its newest form led to neuroeconomics, a field in which researchers use functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify zones in the human brain specializing in emotional or rational decision making.
机译：人类是经济动物。尽管教科书通常以完全出于理性的个人利益为指导来处理虚构的“经济人”，但我们所有人（甚至是经济学家）都知道，在日常决策中，激情，习惯和情感与理性相悖，从而阻碍了服务和商品的流通。然而，每一代经济学家都以不同的方式来对待亚当·斯密（Adam Smith）所说的“卡车，易货和交换的倾向”。将经济生活融入自然历史的尝试并不是什么新鲜事：18世纪初期，伯纳德·曼德维尔（Bernard Mandeville）出版了几本《蜜蜂的寓言》，1759年，亚当·斯密（Adam Smith）出版了他的《道德情感理论》，后来才问及《财富》。 ”（1776年）。在19世纪，卡尔·马克思和赫伯特·斯宾塞都试图将自然选择纳入他们的社会战争学说。想法的转移还没有结束：查尔斯·达尔文和阿尔弗雷德·罗斯·华莱士受到亚当·史密斯和马尔萨斯的极大影响。在1960年代和1970年代，诸如EO Wilson和William D. Hamilton等社会生物学家从生殖成功的角度分析了行为特征的成本和收益，John Maynard Smith劫持了博弈论（一种来自数学经济学的工具）来研究试验和进化和稳定策略方面的变异和选择错误。作为回报，梅纳德·史密斯（Maynard Smith）的“没有理性的博弈论”极大地推动了实验经济学的发展，并以最新形式引发了神经经济学，该领域的研究人员使用功能磁共振成像来识别人脑中专门用于情感或理性决策的区域。

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