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首页> 外文期刊>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences >The antiquity and evolution of the neural bases of rhythmic activity
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The antiquity and evolution of the neural bases of rhythmic activity

机译：节律活动的神经基础的古代和进化

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The evolution of the anatomy and neural circuits that regulate the rhythm of speech can be traced back to the Devonian age, 400 million years ago. Epigenetic processes 100 million years later modified these circuits. Natural selection on similar genetic processes occurred during the evolution of archaic hominins and humans. The lungs and larynx-anatomy that produces the rhythmic fundamental frequency patterns of speech-have a deep evolutionary history. Neural circuits linking the cortex, basal ganglia, and other subcortical structures plan, sequence, and execute motor as well as cognitive acts. These neural circuits generate the rhythm of speech, singing, and chanting. The human form of the transcription factor FOXP2 increased synaptic connectivity and plasticity in basal ganglia circuits, enhancing motor control and cognitive and linguistic capabilities in humans as well as Neanderthals. The archeological record also suggests that Neanderthals passed spoken language. Homologous circuits existed in amphibians. In songbirds, the avian form of FOXP2 acted on similar neural circuits allowing birds to learn and produce new songs. Current studies point to natural selection on genetic events enhancing these and other neural circuits to yield fully human rhythmic speech, and motor, cognitive, and linguistic capabilities, rather than the saltation proposed by Noam Chomsky.
机译：调节言语节奏的解剖学和神经回路的进化可以追溯到4亿年前的泥盆纪时代。 1亿年后的表观遗传过程修改了这些电路。在古人类和人类的进化过程中，发生了类似遗传过程的自然选择。产生语音节律性基本频率模式的肺部和喉部解剖学有着深厚的进化史。连接皮层，基底神经节和其他皮质下结构的神经回路计划，排序并执行运动以及认知行为。这些神经回路产生说话，唱歌和念诵的节奏。转录因子FOXP2的人类形式增加了基底神经节回路中的突触连接性和可塑性，增强了人类以及尼安德特人的运动控制能力以及认知和语言能力。考古记录还表明，尼安德特人通过了口语。两栖动物中存在同源回路。在鸣禽中，FOXP2的禽类形式在类似的神经回路中起作用，从而使鸟类能够学习并产生新的歌曲。当前的研究表明，对遗传事件的自然选择可以增强这些神经回路和其他神经回路，从而产生完全的人类有节奏的言语，运动，认知和语言能力，而不是Noam Chomsky提出的盐化。

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