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IP ties and Microsoft's rule of reason

机译：知识产权关系和微软的合理原则

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In its Microsoft decision the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals broadened the scope of intellectual property (IP) rights by adopting a rule of reason for tying arrangements that met all the requirements for tying's per se rule. Microsoft was accused of unlawful tying because it "commingled" the code for its Windows operating system and its Internet Explorer (IE) browser, making it impossible to sell them separately or for users to separate them. Microsoft also refused to permit computer manufacturers (OEMs) to remove the IE icon from the desktop or the Windows "Start" button, and did not place IE on the add/remove programs utility. It required several Internet service providers to favor IE as a browser, gave independent software vendors preferred treatment if they developed interfaces and commands that either invoked IE exclusively or required the software to favor IE, and agreed with Apple on a set of protocols for Mac Office that required Apple to favor IE in its operating system. Under the idiosyncratic and controversial per se rule for tying arrangements, Microsoft's tie was unlawful if Microsoft held significant market power in its Windows operating system; if Windows and Internet Explorer were "separate products," a tying law term of art; and if a "not insubstantial" amount of tied market commerce was involved. The first and third requirements were clearly met. The D.C. Circuit did not decide the "separate products" issue, but under existing law that requirement was almost certainly met as well. Nevertheless, the court refused to apply the per se rule to this tie. Rather, it remanded the case for treatment under the rule of reason, saying almost nothing about what this entailed. The government subsequently dropped the tying claim.
机译：华盛顿特区巡回上诉法院在其Microsoft决定中，通过采用符合捆绑法律本身规则的所有要求的捆绑法律理由规则，扩大了知识产权（IP）的范围。微软被指控非法捆绑，因为它“混合”了其Windows操作系统和Internet Explorer（IE）浏览器的代码，从而无法单独出售它们或让用户将它们分开。 Microsoft还拒绝允许计算机制造商（OEM）从桌面或Windows的“开始”按钮删除IE图标，并且未将IE放在添加/删除程序实用程序中。它要求多家互联网服务提供商支持将IE用作浏览器，如果独立软件供应商开发的接口和命令开发了专门调用IE或要求软件支持IE的协议，并给予了他们同意，并且与Apple达成了Mac Office协议集，则应给予它们优先待遇。这就要求苹果在其操作系统中支持IE。根据有关绑架安排的特有规则和本身有争议的规则，如果微软在其Windows操作系统中拥有重要的市场支配力，则微软的领带是非法的。如果Windows和Internet Explorer是“单独的产品”，则是捆绑法律的术语；并且如果涉及的交易量“不算小”。明显满足了第一和第三要求。哥伦比亚特区巡回法院没有决定“单独产品”的问题，但是根据现行法律，几乎可以肯定也满足了这一要求。然而，法院拒绝对这条领带适用本身的规则。相反，它在合理的规则下将案件退回了处理，几乎没有说明这意味着什么。政府随后放弃了并购要求。

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