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Nanoparticle mass detection by single and multilayer graphene sheets: Theory and simulations

机译：单层和多层石墨烯片的纳米颗粒质量检测：理论和模拟

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The discovery of graphene opened up a new field of research and led to the development of various nanosensors and actuators that form new classes of nano electro mechanical systems (NEMSs) called graphene based nano resonators (CBNRs). Recently, GBNRs have been used in mass detection applications. In such applications and others, single-layer graphene sheets play a fundamental role. However, the synthesis of monolayer graphene is usually challenging and expensive. This makes the commercial use of multilayer graphene systems more attractive and necessary. Moreover, it is now more possible to control the number of layers in large-size graphene systems, and thus the theoretical design tools could help the engineers develop more efficient graphene-based sensors for everyday applications. This paper introduces a non-local elasticity theory for the general configurations of carbon atoms that could form carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanosheets (graphene) and nanospheres (fullerenes) by means of the laminated plate theory. The problem is solved by the generalized differential quadrature element method (GDQEM). Then, a molecular dynamics approach is used in conjunction with the operational modal analysis (OMA) to perform a nano metric modal analysis. Several comparisons are presented to validate the introduced approaches; and finally, the effects of the number of layers and of nanoparticle mass and position on the frequency shift and sensitivity of the designed sensors are studied. It is demonstrated that the frequency shift decreases slightly and the sensitivity increases by increasing the number of graphene layers. It is also demonstrated that, depending on the positions of nanoparticles in a senor, various mode shapes of a graphene sheet could be excited; and consequently, the shift of the first natural frequency may not be appropriate for particles far from the middle of graphene sheet.
机译：石墨烯的发现开辟了一个新的研究领域，并导致了各种纳米传感器和致动器的发展，这些传感器和致动器形成了新型的纳米机电系统（NEMS），称为基于石墨烯的纳米谐振器（CBNR）。最近，GBNR已用于质量检测应用中。在此类应用和其他应用中，单层石墨烯片发挥着重要作用。然而，单层石墨烯的合成通常具有挑战性且昂贵。这使得多层石墨烯体系的商业用途更具吸引力和必要性。此外，现在更可能控制大型石墨烯系统中的层数，因此理论设计工具可以帮助工程师为日常应用开发更高效的基于石墨烯的传感器。本文介绍了一种非局部弹性理论，它通过层压板理论对可形成碳纳米管（CNTs），纳米片（石墨烯）和纳米球（富勒烯）的碳原子的一般构型进行了介绍。该问题通过广义差分正交元法（GDQEM）解决。然后，将分子动力学方法与操作模式分析（OMA）结合使用以执行纳米度量模式分析。进行了一些比较以验证引入的方法；最后，研究了层数，纳米粒子质量和位置对所设计传感器的频移和灵敏度的影响。结果表明，通过增加石墨烯层的数量，频移略有降低，灵敏度提高。还证明了，取决于纳米粒子在传感器中的位置，可以激发石墨烯片的各种模式形状；这取决于石墨烯片的模态。因此，第一固有频率的偏移可能不适用于远离石墨烯片中间的粒子。

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