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Engineering tubulin: microtubule functionalization approaches for nanoscale device applications

机译：工程微管蛋白：用于纳米级设备应用的微管功能化方法

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摘要

With the emergences of engineered devices at microscale and nanoscale dimensions, there is a growing need for controlled actuation and transport at these length scales. The kinesin–microtubule system provides a highly evolved biological transport system well suited for these tasks. Accordingly, there is an ongoing effort to create hybrid nanodevices that integrate biological components with engineered materials for applications such as biological separations, nanoscale assembly, and sensing. Adopting microtubules for these applications generally requires covalent attachment of biotin, fluorophores, or other biomolecules to tubulin enable surface or cargo attachment, or visualization. This review summarizes different strategies for functionalizing microtubules for application-focused as well as basic biological research. These functionalization strategies must maintain the integrity of microtubule proteins so that they do not depolymerize and can be transported by kinesin motors, while adding utility such as the ability to reversibly bind cargo. The relevant biochemical and electrical properties of microtubules are discussed, as well as strategies for microtubule stabilization and long-term storage. Next, attachment strategies, such as antibodies and DNA hybridization that have proven useful to date, are discussed in the context of ongoing hybrid nanodevice research. The review concludes with a discussion of less explored opportunities, such as harnessing the utility of tubulin posttranslational modifications and the use of recombinant tubulin that may enable future progress in nanodevice development.
机译：随着微尺度和纳米尺度工程设备的出现，对在这些长度尺度上的受控致动和运输的需求日益增长。驱动蛋白-微管系统提供了高度进化的生物转运系统，非常适合这些任务。因此，正在进行努力来创建将生物成分与工程材料集成在一起以用于诸如生物分离，纳米级组装和感测之类的应用的混合纳米器件。对于这些应用采用微管通常需要将生物素，荧光团或其他生物分子共价连接到微管蛋白上，以实现表面或货物的连接或可视化。这篇综述总结了针对应用以及基础生物学研究的微管功能化的不同策略。这些功能化策略必须保持微管蛋白的完整性，以便它们不会解聚，并且可以被驱动蛋白驱动器运输，同时增加了实用性，例如可逆地结合货物的能力。讨论了微管的相关生化和电学性质，以及微管稳定和长期保存的策略。接下来，在正在进行的混合纳米器件研究的背景下，讨论了迄今为止被证明有用的附着策略，例如抗体和DNA杂交。该评论以对较少探索机会的讨论作为结束，例如，利用微管蛋白翻译后修饰的效用以及重组微管蛋白的使用，这些微管蛋白可能使纳米装置的开发取得新进展。

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