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首页> 外文期刊>Aquatic Sciences >Longitudinal thermal heterogeneity in rivers and refugia for coldwater species: effects of scale and climate change
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Longitudinal thermal heterogeneity in rivers and refugia for coldwater species: effects of scale and climate change

机译：河流和避难所对冷水物种的纵向热非均质性：规模和气候变化的影响

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Climate-change driven increases in water temperature pose challenges for aquatic organisms. Predictions of impacts typically do not account for fine-grained spatiotemporal thermal patterns in rivers. Patches of cooler water could serve as refuges for anadromous species like salmon that migrate during summer. We used high-resolution remotely sensed water temperature data to characterize summer thermal heterogeneity patterns for 11,308 km of second-seventh-order rivers throughout the Pacific Northwest and northern California (USA). We evaluated (1) water temperature patterns at different spatial resolutions, (2) the frequency, size, and spacing of cool thermal patches suitable for Pacific salmon (i.e., contiguous stretches >= 0.25 km, <= 15 degrees C and >= 2 degrees C, aooler than adjacent water), and (3) potential influences of climate change on availability of cool patches. Thermal heterogeneity was nonlinearly related to the spatial resolution of water temperature data, and heterogeneity at fine resolution (<1 km) would have been difficult to quantify without spatially continuous data. Cool patches were generally >2.7 and <13.0 km long, and spacing among patches was generally >5.7 and <49.4 km. Thermal heterogeneity varied among rivers, some of which had long uninterrupted stretches of warm water >= 20 degrees C, and others had many smaller cool patches. Our models predicted little change in future thermal heterogeneity among rivers, but within-river patterns sometimes changed markedly compared to contemporary patterns. These results can inform long-term monitoring programs as well as near-term climate-adaptation strategies.
机译：气候变化驱动的水温升高对水生生物构成了挑战。对影响的预测通常不能解释河流中细粒度的时空热模式。较冷的水块可以作为避暑物种的避难所，例如在夏季迁移的鲑鱼。我们使用高分辨率的遥感水温数据来表征整个西北太平洋和加利福尼亚北部（美国）的11308公里的二阶七阶河流的夏季热非均质性特征。我们评估了（1）在不同空间分辨率下的水温模式，（2）适用于太平洋鲑鱼的凉爽热斑的频率，大小和间距（即，连续拉伸> = 0.25 km，<= 15摄氏度和> = 2摄氏度（比邻近的水更冷），以及（3）气候变化对凉爽地区可用性的潜在影响。热异质性与水温数据的空间分辨率非线性相关，如果没有空间连续数据，精细分辨率（<1 km）的异质性将难以量化。凉爽的补丁通常长于> 2.7和<13.0 km，补丁之间的间距通常> 5.7和<49.4 km。河流之间的热非均质性各不相同，其中一些河水长时间不间断地延伸到> = 20摄氏度，而其他河水则有许多较小的凉爽斑块。我们的模型预测河流之间未来的热非均质性变化不大，但是与现代模式相比，河内模式有时会发生显着变化。这些结果可以为长期监测计划以及近期的气候适应策略提供参考。

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