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Slow, but steady: dispersal of freshwater molluscs

机译：缓慢但稳定：淡水软体动物的扩散

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摘要

Molluscs are the proverbial examples of slow movement. In this review, dispersal distances and speed were assessed from literature data. Active upstream movement can occur both individually and in groups; and depends on traits such as size, sex and reproductive status, and on external factors such as flow velocity, temperature, sediment structure, and food availability. The potential for active dispersal follows the sequence Pulmonata≥ Prosobranchia > Bivalvia, although data for Pulmonata originated from short-term experiments that likely overestimated dispersal capabilities. Active upstream movement may be 0.3 to 1.0 km per year for most snails and is probably well below 0.1 km per year for bivalves. Natural passive upstream dispersal increases the range 10-fold (snails) to 100-fold (bivalves), and anthropogenic vectors can increase upstream dispersal more than 100-fold (snails) to 1000-fold (bivalves). Three km seems to be the maximal within-stream distance at which many species display regular population mixing, and at which re-colonisation or successful restoration can be expected within 3-10 years. Lateral dispersal between unconnected water bodies is passive and mostly known from observational reports, but potential distances depend on vectors, climate and geomorphology. In general, active dispersal seems insufficient to furnish a compensatory mechanism, e.g., for the rate of projected climate change. We provide an overview on dispersal strategies in the light of applied issues. More rigorous field surveys and an integration of different approaches (such as mark-recapture, genetic) to quantify distances and probabilities of lateral dispersal are needed to predict species distributions across space and time.
机译：软体动物是缓慢运动的著名例子。在这篇综述中，根据文献数据评估了扩散距离和速度。主动上游运动既可以单独发生也可以成群发生。取决于大小，性别和生殖状况等特征，以及流速，温度，沉积物结构和食物供应等外部因素。主动扩散的可能性遵循Pulmonata≥Prosobranchia> Bivalvia的顺序，尽管Pulmonata的数据来自可能会高估分散能力的短期实验。对于大多数蜗牛来说，活跃的上游运动可能是每年0.3至1.0公里，而对于双壳类动物来说，可能远远低于每年0.1公里。自然的被动上游扩散将范围扩大了10倍（蜗牛）至100倍（双壳类），而人为载体可使上游扩散增加了100倍以上（蜗牛）至1000倍（双壳类）。三公里似乎是最大的河道内距离，在该距离上许多物种表现出有规律的种群混合，并且有望在3-10年内重新定殖或成功恢复。未连通水体之间的横向扩散是被动的，从观测报告中可知最多，但潜在距离取决于矢量，气候和地貌。一般而言，主动分散似乎不足以提供补偿机制，例如针对预计的气候变化速率。根据应用问题，我们提供了有关分散策略的概述。为了预测物种在空间和时间上的分布，需要更严格的现场调查以及不同方法（例如标记夺回，遗传）的整合来量化距离和横向扩散的概率。

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  • 来源
    《Aquatic Sciences》 |2012年第1期|p.1-14|共14页
  • 作者

    Heike Kappes; Peter Haase;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Limnology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, ClamecystraBe 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany,Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (LOEWE BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt aM, Germany;

    Department of Limnology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, ClamecystraBe 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany,Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (LOEWE BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt aM, Germany;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    biological invasion; dispersal; global change; mollusca; species distribution modelling (SDM); vector;

    机译：生物入侵;分散全球变化;贝类;物种分布模型（SDM）;向量;

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