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Effects of Alpine hydropower dams on particle transport and lacustrine sedimentation

机译：高山水电站大坝对颗粒迁移和湖泊沉积的影响

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The effects of high-alpine hydropower damming on lacustrine sedimentation and transport of solid particles were investigated in the glaciated Grimsel area and in downstream Lake Brienz, providing quantitative denudation rates and sediment yield on a source-sink basis. A total of 271 kt/yr of solid particles entered the Grimsel reservoirs on average in the last 71 years, mostly by turbiditic underflows that focused sedimentation in depocenters upstream of obstacles such as bedrock ridges, submerged moraines, or dams. This is equivalent to a sediment yield of 2430 t/(km~2yr) in the catchment (111.5 km~2) or a denudation rate of 0.94 mm/yr. A total of 39 kt/yr of the fine fraction ( < ～ 4 μm) leave the reservoirs and are transported to downstream Lake Brienz, while 232 kt/ yr of mostly coarse particles are retained, reducing total sediment input of the River Aare into Lake Brienz by two thirds. Modeling the particle budgets in the Aare with and without dams indicates that the fine fraction budgets are only slightly affected by damming, but that the reservoirs cause a shift in seasonal runoff timing resulting in increasing and decreasing particle transport in winter and summer, respectively. Thus, hydrodamming alters mostly deltaic sedimentation in Lake Brienz, where the coarse fraction is deposited, whereas fine grained distal sedimentation and varve formation on lateral slopes are less affected. All varved records of the reservoirs and Lake Brienz that provide sediment rates and grain size records on an annual basis indicate that climate is the main control on these proxies, while, for instance, the onset of pump storage activity in the reservoirs did not impose any significant change in lacustrine sedimentation pattern.
机译：在冰川的格里姆瑟尔地区和布里恩茨湖的下游，研究了高高山水电大坝对湖相沉积和固体颗粒运输的影响，提供了基于源汇的定量剥蚀率和沉积物产量。在过去71年中，平均总共有271 kt / yr的固体颗粒进入格里姆瑟尔水库，主要是由于湍流的底流，使沉积物集中在障碍物上游的沉积中心，如基岩山脊，淹没的沟壑或大坝。这相当于流域（111.5 km〜2）的沉积物产量为2430 t /（km〜2yr）或剥蚀率为0.94 mm / yr。总计39 kt / yr的细小颗粒（<〜4μm）离开水库并被输送到下游的Brienz湖，而保留了232 kt / yr的大部分是较粗的颗粒，从而减少了Aare河进入湖泊的总泥沙输入量。布里恩茨三分之二。对有坝和无坝的Aare地区的颗粒物预算进行建模，表明细颗粒物的预算仅受筑坝的影响很小，但是水库引起季节径流时间的变化，分别导致冬季和夏季颗粒运输的增加和减少。因此，水蚀作用主要改变了布里恩茨湖的三角洲沉积，那里沉积了较粗的颗粒，而细颗粒状的远端沉积和侧坡上的阀门形成受到的影响较小。水库和布里恩茨湖的所有记录记录都提供了每年的沉积速率和粒度记录，这些数据表明气候是这些代理的主要控制手段，例如，水库中抽水蓄能活动的开始并未施加任何影响。湖沉积模式发生重大变化。

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