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Space, State, and Crowds: Urban Squares on Beijing's Central Axis in the 1910s

机译：空间，状态与人群：1910年代北京中轴线上的城市广场

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摘要

This paper focuses on urban squares on Beijing's central axis in the 1910s, when the city, as the capital, was under the rule of the Beiyang government. The paper first analyses how the government transformed these physical urban spaces, and subsequently endowed them with new social meanings. It then explores the dual political position of these urban squares as sites of both state representation and protest movements, and analyzes the contest between spatial regularization by the state and the mass fight for living space. Two types of crowds, the political crowd and the politicized crowd, are examined. As an arena of conflict, Beijing's central axis represented the process of nation-state building and incomplete urban modernity. Through study of the relationship between the Chinese state and crowds, and their spatial praxes enacted in urban squares, this paper suggests an alternative perspective on crowd theory.
机译：本文着眼于1910年代北京中轴线上的城市广场，当时北京作为首都受北洋政府统治。本文首先分析了政府如何改造这些有形的城市空间，然后赋予它们新的社会意义。然后，探讨了这些城市广场作为国家代表和抗议运动场所的双重政治地位，并分析了国家进行空间规范化与为生存空间进行的大规模斗争之间的竞争。研究了两种类型的人群，即政治人群和政治人群。作为冲突的舞台，北京的中轴代表着民族国家建设和不完整的城市现代性的过程。通过研究中国国家与人群之间的关系，以及在城市广场上制定的人群空间概念，本文提出了关于人群理论的另一种观点。

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