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首页> 外文期刊>ASHRAE Transactions >Use of Vertical Shafts as Routes of Smoke Extraction and Safe Egress During High-Rise Fires
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Use of Vertical Shafts as Routes of Smoke Extraction and Safe Egress During High-Rise Fires

机译：在竖向火灾中使用竖井作为排烟和安全出口的途径

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摘要

Smoke inhalation is the leading cause of death during structural fires. In order to improve life safety during afire, smoke must be managed and kept away from building occupants. In high-rise buildings, the problem of smoke movement is compounded by a strong stack effect that draws smoke into the vertical shafts within the building and contaminates the fire-escape stairwells as well as the elevator shafts. If the smoke can be managed so that the stack effect can be used to advantage and egress routes can be maintained smoke free, then occupants will have a greater opportunity to avoid the effects of the smoke generated by the fie. This paper investigates a smoke control strategy that involves using the elevator shafts as a route of smoke extraction coupled with pressurizing the stairwells with sufficient fresh air to maintain smoke-free conditions in the fire escapes for the entire height of the building. The practicality and efficacy of this smoke management strategy is evaluated by employing a differential-network smoke management computer program that simulates the paths that smoke will take during a simulated fire. The computer program is verified by comparing its results with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software tool, Fire Dynamics Simulator, for a simple building geometry. Both programs compare well when a reasonable set of discharge coefficients is used to calculate the gas flows through various openings in the modeled building. The differential-network model quantifies the paths that the smoke will take and determines the smoke properties with a significant reduction of computational time when compared to the time required to provide the CFD simulations. Smoke generated by the fire will naturally tend to gravitate toward the elevator shafts, which exist at the lowest pressure within the building. Computer results show that large quantities of smoke can be directed away from occupants by controlling and exhausting the smoke through the top vent of the elevator shaft. If exhaust fans are used for smoke venting at the top of the elevator shafts and pressurization fans are used to maintain smoke-free conditions in the stairwells, then a prudent fire safety plan will result. The program output is used to quantify the amount of elevator exhaust and stairwell pressurization that is necessary to achieve safe conditions during the fire for various building geometries and fire conditions.
机译：吸入烟雾是导致结构性火灾的主要死亡原因。为了提高着火期间的生命安全，必须控制烟雾并使其远离建筑居民。在高层建筑中，浓烟效应加剧了烟雾移动的问题，烟尘将烟雾吸入建筑物内的垂直竖井，并污染了防火楼梯间和电梯竖井。如果可以管理烟雾，从而可以利用烟囱效应，并保持出口路线无烟，那么乘员将有更大的机会避免国际剑联产生烟雾的影响。本文研究了一种烟雾控制策略，该策略涉及将电梯井道用作排烟途径，并用足够的新鲜空气对楼梯间加压，以在整个建筑物高度的走火通道中保持无烟状态。通过使用差分网络烟雾管理计算机程序来评估此烟雾管理策略的实用性和有效性，该程序可模拟烟雾在模拟火灾中所走的路径。通过将其结果与计算流体力学（CFD）软件工具Fire Dynamics Simulator进行比较，可以验证该计算机程序是否具有简单的建筑物几何形状。当使用一组合理的排放系数来计算通过建模建筑物中各个开口的气体流量时，这两个程序可以很好地进行比较。与提供CFD模拟所需的时间相比，差分网络模型可量化烟雾将通过的路径并确定烟雾属性，同时大大减少了计算时间。火灾产生的烟雾自然会趋向于引向电梯竖井，这些竖井存在于建筑物内的最低压力下。计算机结果表明，通过控制并通过电梯井道的顶部通风口排出烟雾，可以将大量烟雾从乘员身上带走。如果在电梯井道的顶部使用排气扇排烟，而在楼梯间使用增压风扇维持无烟状态，则将产生审慎的消防安全计划。程序输出用于量化电梯的排气量和楼梯间增压，这对于在各种建筑物几何形状和火灾条件下着火时达到安全条件是必需的。

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  • 来源
    《ASHRAE Transactions》 |2015年第2期|232-241|共10页
  • 作者

    Guanchao Zhao; W.Z. Black; Liangzhu (Leon) Wang;

  • 作者单位

    School of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;

    School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia;

    School of Building, Civil, and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;

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