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首页> 外文期刊>Astrobiology >The First Collection of Spacecraft-Associated Microorganisms: A Public Source for Extremotolerant Microorganisms from Spacecraft Assembly Clean Rooms
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The First Collection of Spacecraft-Associated Microorganisms: A Public Source for Extremotolerant Microorganisms from Spacecraft Assembly Clean Rooms

机译：与航天器有关的微生物的第一个集合：来自航天器组装洁净室的极端微生物的公共来源

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For several reasons, spacecraft are constructed in so-called clean rooms. Particles could affect the function of spacecraft instruments, and for missions under planetary protection limitations, the biological contamination has to be restricted as much as possible. The proper maintenance of clean rooms includes, for instance, constant control of humidity and temperature, air filtering, and cleaning (disinfection) of the surfaces. The combination of these conditions creates an artificial, extreme biotope for microbial survival specialists: spore formers, auto-trophs, multi-resistant, facultative, or even strictly anaerobic microorganisms have been detected in clean room habitats. Based on a diversity study of European and South-American spacecraft assembly clean rooms, the European Space Agency (ESA) has initialized and funded the creation of a public library of microbial isolates. Isolates from three different European clean rooms, as well as from the final assembly and launch facility in Kourou (French Guiana), have been phylogenetically analyzed and were lyophilized for long-term storage at the German Culture Collection facilities in Brunswick, Germany (Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen). The isolates were obtained by either following the standard protocol for the determination of bioburden on, and around, spacecraft or the use of alternative cultivation strategies. Currently, the database contains 298 bacterial strains. Fifty-nine strains are Gram-negative microorganisms, belonging to the α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria. Representatives of the Gram-positive phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi, and Firmicutes were subjected to the collection. Ninety-four isolates (21 different species) of the genus Bacillus were included in the ESA collection. This public collection of extremotolerant microbes, which are adapted to a complicated artificial biotope, provides a wonderful source for industry and research focused on very unusual properties of microbes. For ESA, this collection is an essential resource with which to evaluate the contamination potential of spacecraft-associated biology and validate new biological contamination control and reduction procedures.
机译：由于多种原因，航天器被建造在所谓的洁净室中。粒子可能会影响航天器的功能，对于在行星保护下的飞行任务，必须尽可能限制生物污染。洁净室的正确维护包括，例如，湿度和温度的恒定控制，空气过滤以及表面的清洁（消毒）。这些条件的结合为微生物生存专家创造了一个人造的极端生物群落：在洁净室的栖息地中检测到了孢子形成物，自养生物，多抗性，兼性乃至严格的厌氧微生物。基于对欧洲和南美航天器组装洁净室的多样性研究，欧洲航天局（ESA）初始化并资助了微生物分离物公共图书馆的建立。对来自三个不同的欧洲洁净室以及库鲁（法属圭亚那）的最终组装和发射设施的分离物进行了系统发育分析，并冻干后可长期保存在德国不伦瑞克的德国文化收集设施中（莱比尼兹- DSMZ-德国Sammlung von Mikroorganismen和Zellkulturen研究所）。分离株可通过以下方法获得：确定用于航天器及其周围生物负荷的标准方案，或使用替代栽培策略。目前，该数据库包含298个细菌菌株。 59个菌株是革兰氏阴性微生物，属于α-，β-和γ-变形杆菌。收集了革兰氏阳性门放线菌，拟杆菌/梭菌和硬毛菌的代表。芽孢杆菌属的94种分离物（21个不同的物种）被包括在ESA收集物中。该公开的抗极端微生物的集合适用于复杂的人造生物群落，为工业和研究提供了极好的资源，这些资源专注于非常罕见的微生物特性。对于欧空局来说，这一收集是评估航天器相关生物的潜在污染并验证新的生物污染控制和减少程序的必要资源。

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