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Exoplanet Biosignatures: A Framework for Their Assessment

机译:系外行星生物特征:评估框架

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Finding life on exoplanets from telescopic observations is an ultimate goal of exoplanet science. Life produces gases and other substances, such as pigments, which can have distinct spectral or photometric signatures. Whether or not life is found with future data must be expressed with probabilities, requiring a framework of biosignature assessment. We present a framework in which we advocate using biogeochemical Exo-Earth System models to simulate potential biosignatures in spectra or photometry. Given actual observations, simulations are used to find the Bayesian likelihoods of those data occurring for scenarios with and without life. The latter includes false positives wherein abiotic sources mimic biosignatures. Prior knowledge of factors influencing planetary inhabitation, including previous observations, is combined with the likelihoods to give the Bayesian posterior probability of life existing on a given exoplanet. Four components of observation and analysis are necessary. (1) Characterization of stellar (e.g., age and spectrum) and exoplanetary system properties, including external exoplanet parameters (e.g., mass and radius), to determine an exoplanet's suitability for life. (2) Characterization of internal exoplanet parameters (e.g., climate) to evaluate habitability. (3) Assessment of potential biosignatures within the environmental context (components 1-2), including corroborating evidence. (4) Exclusion of false positives. We propose that resulting posterior Bayesian probabilities of life's existence map to five confidence levels, ranging from very likely (90-100%) to very unlikely (10%) inhabited.
机译:从望远镜观测中找到系外行星的生命是系外行星科学的最终目标。生命会产生气体和其他物质,例如色素,它们可能具有独特的光谱或光度学特征。是否用未来数据找到生命必须用概率表示,这需要生物签名评估的框架。我们提出了一个框架,在该框架中,我们主张使用生物地球化学Exo-Earth System模型来模拟光谱或光度法中潜在的生物特征。给定实际观察结果,可以使用模拟来查找那些存在生命和没有生命的场景中这些数据的贝叶斯可能性。后者包括假阳性,其中非生物来源模仿生物特征。将影响行星居住的因素的先验知识(包括先前的观察结果)与给出给定系外行星存在的贝叶斯后验生命概率的可能性相结合。观察和分析的四个组成部分是必要的。 (1)恒星(例如年龄和光谱)和系外行星系统特性(包括外部系外行星参数(例如质量和半径))的表征,以确定系外行星的寿命。 (2)表征系外行星参数(例如气候)以评估可居住性。 (3)在环境范围内评估潜在的生物特征(组成部分1-2),包括确凿的证据。 (4)排除误报。我们建议,所得出的生命存在的后贝叶斯概率映射到五个置信水平,从极有可能居住(90-100%)到极有可能居住(<10%)。

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