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首页> 外文期刊>Acta astronautica >The KLT (Karhunen-Loeve Transform) to extend SETI searches to broad-band and extremely feeble signals
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The KLT (Karhunen-Loeve Transform) to extend SETI searches to broad-band and extremely feeble signals

机译:KLT(Karhunen-Loeve变换)将SETI搜索扩展到宽带和极其微弱的信号

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摘要

The KLT (acronym for Karhunen-Loeve Transform) is a mathematical algorithm superior to the classical FFT in many regards: 1) The KLT can filter signals out of the background noise over both wide and narrow bands. This is in sharp contrast to the FFT that rigorously applies to narrow-band signals only. 2) The KLT can be applied to random functions that are non-stationary in time, i.e. whose autocorrelation is a function of the two independent variables rt and t2 separately. Again, this is a sheer advantage of the KLT over the FFT, inasmuch as the FFT rigorously applies to stationary processes only, i.e. processes whose autocorrelation is a function of the absolute value of the difference of t_1 and t_2 only. 3) The KLT can detect signals embedded in noise to unbelievably small values of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), like 10~(-3) or so. This particular feature of the KLT is studied in detail in this paper. An excellent filtering algorithm like the KLT, however, comes with a cost that one must be ready to pay for especially in SETI: its computational burden is much higher than for the FFT. In fact, it can be shown that no fast KLT transform can possibly exist and, for an autocorrelation matrix of size N, the calculations must be of the order of N~2, rather than N log(N). Nevertheless, for moderate values of N (in the hundreds), the KLT dominates over the FFT, as shown by the numerical simulations. Finally, an important and recent (2007-2008) development in the KLT theory, called the "Bordered Autocorrelation Method" (BAM), is presented. This BAM-KLT method gets around the difficulty of the N~2 brunt calculations and ends up in the following unexpected theorem: the KLT of a feeble sinusoidal carrier embedded into a lot of white stationary noise is given by the Fourier transform of the derivative of the largest KLT eigenvalue with respect to the bordering index. This basic result is fully proved analytically in the final sections of this paper by virtue of a new theorem discovered by this author in May 2007 and called "The Final Variance Theorem".
机译:KLT(Karhunen-Loeve变换的缩写)是一种在许多方面优于经典FFT的数学算法:1)KLT可以在宽带和窄带上将信号从背景噪声中过滤掉。这与仅严格适用于窄带信号的FFT形成鲜明对比。 2)KLT可以应用于时间上不平稳的随机函数,即其自相关分别是两个独立变量rt和t2的函数。同样,这是KLT相对于FFT的绝对优势,因为FFT仅严格地适用于平稳过程,即其自相关仅是t_1和t_2之差的绝对值的函数的过程。 3)KLT可以检测到嵌入在噪声中的信号,使信噪比(SNR)的值达到令人难以置信的小值,例如10〜(-3)左右。本文将详细研究KLT的这一特殊功能。但是,像KLT这样的出色的滤波算法会带来一定的成本,尤其是在SETI中,这是必须要付出的代价:其计算负担比FFT高得多。实际上,可以证明不可能有快速的KLT变换,并且对于大小为N的自相关矩阵,计算必须为N〜2的数量级,而不是N log(N)。但是,对于N的中等值(数百个),KLT在FFT上占主导地位,如数值模拟所示。最后,介绍了KLT理论的一个重要的最新进展(2007-2008年),称为“有界自相关方法”(BAM)。这种BAM-KLT方法绕过了N〜2首尾计算的困难,最终导致了以下意想不到的定理:嵌入到大量白色平稳噪声中的微弱正弦载波的KLT由的导数的傅立叶变换给出。关于边界索引的最大KLT特征值。借助于作者在2007年5月发现的一个新定理,即“最终方差定理”,该基本结果在本文的最后几节中得到了充分的分析证明。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Acta astronautica》 |2010年第12期|p.1427-1439|共13页
  • 作者

    Claudio Maccone;

  • 作者单位

    Co-Chair, SETI Permanent Study Croup, International Academy of Astronautics;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    karhunen-loeve transform; SETI; signal processing;

    机译:karhunen-loeve变换SETI;信号处理;

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