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Advances in planetary defense in the United States

机译：美国行星防御的进展

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摘要

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently established an office to manage the Agency's planetary defense-related projects and coordinate activities across multiple U.S. agencies as well as with international efforts to plan appropriate responses to the potential asteroid impact hazard. The creation of the Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO) is a logical and formal step forward with NASA's NEO Observations program which began nearly two decades ago. Since the program's inception in 1998, NASA funded efforts have discovered more than 98% of the more than 16,000 NEOs currently known.As important as it is to mitigate a potential impact event, the essential first step is to find these near-Earth objects as early as possible. To that end, NASA's PDCO leads national and international efforts to:detect any potential for significant impact of the Earth by natural objects;appraise the range of potential effects by any possible object; anddevelop strategies to mitigate impact effects on human welfare.Since commencing the program in 1998, NASA has provided funding to upgrade and operate existing 1-m class telescopes to conduct the search for NEOs. Today, NASA funds three primary ground-based survey capabilities: the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) project, the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS), and the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Reporting System (Pan-STARRS). Recent enhancements to NASA's Near Earth Object (NEO) Observations Program have led to similar to 83% increase in the discovery rate of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) over the past three years.These survey efforts are increasingly detecting close encounter events (i.e., 0.001 AU; recent examples include 2012 DA(14), 2017 EA, and 2017 GM) and have enabled the prediction of some small object impact events (e.g., 2008 TC3 and 2014 AA). Such encounters provide opportunities for NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) to make spectral measurements; or observation by planetary radars at Arecibo and Goldstone to refine the orbit of the object with great precision and even "image" the small primitive body.Of critical importance is the Minor Planet Center (MPC), where automated systems process observations made by the search teams to determine orbits and what are NEOs. The Center for NEO Studies at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) determines more precise orbits for the objects. Both JPL and the MPC utilize processes and procedures for NEO orbit determination and prediction that are sanctioned and monitored by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and produce data catalogues on small bodies in the Solar System that are utilized world-wide by the astronomical community.The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) was reactivated for the purpose detecting NEOs and will continue to operate well into 2018. It is in Sun-synchronous, near-polar inclination (97.5 degrees) orbit around the Earth. The NEOWISE project uses WISE in 'warm mode' (at 3.4 and 4.6 mu m), and in conjunction with ground based follow-up, this unique dataset has set limits on population statistics, orbital parameters, approximate sizes, and initial compositional knowledge of the asteroid population.Further follow-up observations with visible and infrared telescopes (e.g., NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility, Spitzer Space Telescope, other NASA-funded NEO observer teams) refine the astrometric positions of an NEO, photometric observations obtain detailed light curve information [thereby constraining NEO shapes and spin state], and collect albedo and spectral data on basic physical properties and mineralogy.Planetary defense demonstration missions also fall within the purview of the PDCO. The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is directed by NASA to the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). The target is the binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos, which consists of a primary body similar to 800 m across, and a secondary body (or "moonlet") whose 150-m size is more typical of the size of asteroids that could pose a more common hazard to Earth.However, the first step in planetary defense is the overarching goal to complete the NEO survey down to a 100 m-sized objects. The asteroid hunter mission - NEOCam - is a single scientific instrument: 0.5-m aperture infrared telescope that would survey the solar system for NEOs from Sun-Earth L-1 Lagrange point (SEL1). NEOCam is also in an extended Phase A study under the auspices of NASA's PDCO.
机译：美国国家航空航天局（NASA）最近成立了一个办公室，管理了该机构的行星国防相关项目，并协调了多个美国机构的活动以及国际努力，规划对潜在的小行星影响危害的适当反应。行星国防协调办公室（PDCO）的创建是NASA的NASA NEO观察计划向前致力于近二十年前的逻辑和正式的一步。自1998年的计划成立以来，美国宇航局资助的努力已发现超过16,000名Neos的98％以上的历史。重要的是要减轻潜在的影响事件，所以重要的第一步是找到这些近地球对象尽早。为此，美国宇航局的PDCO导致国家和国际努力：检测到天然对象对地球的重大影响的任何潜力;通过任何可能的物体评估潜在影响的范围;缓解对人类福利的影响影响的策略。在1998年开始开展该计划的人，美国宇航局为现有的1米级望远镜进行了升级和运营进行资金来开展资金。如今，美国宇航局资金三次基于地面的调查能力：林肯近地球小行星研究（Linear）项目，加泰罗纳天空调查（CSS）和全景望远镜和快速报告系统（Pan-Starrs）。最近对NASA附近的地球对象（NEO）观测计划的增强导致过去三年来的近地球小行星（猫鼬）的发现率增加了83％。这项调查越来越多地检测近遭遇事件（即， <0.001 AU;最近的示例包括2012 DA（14），2017年和2017年GM），并启用了对一些小物体影响事件的预测（例如，2008 TC3和2014 AA）。这种遭遇为NASA的红外望远镜设施（IRTF）提供了谱测量的机会;或者在槟榔和金石上的行星雷达观察，以极大的精确度甚至“图像”的小原始主体来细化物体的轨道。重要的重要性是次要行星中心（MPC），其中自动化系统处理了搜索的观察团队确定轨道，是什么是neos。喷射推进实验室（JPL）的NEO研究中心确定了对象的更精确的轨道。 JPL和MPC都利用了由国际天文联盟（IAU）制裁和监测的Neo轨道确定和预测的过程和程序，并在天文社区中使用全球范围内使用的太阳系中的小型体内的数据目录。广泛的红外测量探险家（明智）被重新激活，用于检测Neos，并将继续进入2018年。它处于太阳同步，近极倾角（97.5度）绕地球轨道。 NeoWise项目在“温暖模式”（3.4和4.6 mu m）中使用明智的方式，并且与基于地面的随访结合，这个独特的数据集具有对人口统计，轨道参数，近似尺寸和初始组成知识的限制小行星人口。用可见光和红外线望远镜（例如，美国宇航局的红外线望远镜设施，Spitzer Space Telescope，其他美国宇航局资助的Neo Observer团队）的后续观察细化了Neo的星形位置，光度观测获得了详细的光曲线信息[从而限制了Neo形状和旋转状态，并收集了基本物理性质和矿物学的玻璃玻璃和谱数据。平面防御演示特派团也落在PDCO的范围内。双星重定向测试（DART）任务由NASA指导到约翰霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室（JHU / APL）。目标是二进制近地球小行星（65803）滴水，其由类似于800米的主要体组成，以及次级（或“月亮”），其150米的尺寸更为典型的小行星的大小可以对地球构成更常见的危险。然而，行星防御的第一步是将Neo调查完成到100 M大小的物体的总体目标。小行星猎人任务 - Neocam - 是一个单一的科学仪器：0.5米的光圈红外望远镜，将从Sun-Bard L-1拉格朗日点（SEL1）调查Neos的太阳系。 NeoCam也在NASA PDCO的主持下进行了一项研究。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Acta astronautica》 |2019年第3期|394-408|共15页
  • 作者

    Landis Rob; Johnson Lindley;

  • 作者单位

    NASA Headquarters 300 E St SW Washington DC 20546 USA|NASA Johnson Space Ctr Houston TX 77058 USA;

    NASA Headquarters 300 E St SW Washington DC 20546 USA;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    Planetary defense; NEO; NASA;

    机译：行星防守;NEO;NASA;

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