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Investigation of high ozone events due to wildfire smoke in an urban area

机译：对市区野火烟雾引起的高臭氧事件的调查

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Using data from the St. Luke's site in Meridian, ID (near Boise) during 2006-2017 and a 2017 summer intensive campaign, we investigate enhancements in ozone (O-3) during wildfire events in an urban area. We calculate a wildfire criterion based on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Hazard Mapping System (HMS) smoke product and historically averaged PM2.5 data to determine when wildfire emissions are influencing the area (smoke vs. non-smoke events). We also use a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to investigate anomalous sources of O-3, such as wildfires, in this urban area. During the summer 2017 intensive campaign, we find that peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), reactive nitrogen (NO,), and maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O-3 show significant enhancements during smoke events compared with non-smoke periods (65%, 42%, and 32%, respectively). We calculate the 95% confidence interval of Delta PM2.5/Delta CO, Delta NOy/Delta CO, Delta PAN/Delta NOy, and Delta PAN/Delta CO enhancement ratios (ERs) to be 0.129-0.144 mu g/m(3)/ppbv, 0.018-0.022 ppbv/ppbv, 0.152-0.192 ppbv/ppbv, and 3.04-3.76 ppbv/ppmv, respectively, for wildfire smoke influenced events. We also observe an enhancement in O-3 production up to PM2.5 concentrations of 60-70 mu g/m(3) in smoke, after which we see a reduction in average MDA8 O-3 mixing ratios. We use the four highest O-3 events during summer 2017 as case studies to examine the highly variable conditions due to the influence of wildfire smoke in an urban area. In two cases, we investigate smoke days that show significant O-3 enhancement and moderate PM2.5 concentrations. These cases suggest that ERs, such as Delta PM2.5/Delta CO and Delta NOy/Delta CO, are less useful in determining the influence of wildfire smoke in an urban area on moderate smoke days. Another case shows reduced O-3 production during a very high, 3-day smoke event (PM2.5 70 mu g/m(3)). After this high smoke period, a 20 ppbv enhancement in MDA8 O-3 is observed in moderate smoke. These results indicate that wildfire-influenced O-3 enhancements are highly variable in urban areas but generally increase up to around 60 mu g/m(3) of PM2.5, after which they decrease at very high smoke concentrations. This study also suggests that multiple tracer measurements are needed to fully characterize wildfire plumes in urban areas.
机译：利用2006年至2017年期间位于爱达荷州子午线（靠近博伊西）的圣卢克站点的数据以及2017年夏季密集运动，我们调查了市区野火事件期间臭氧（O-3）的增强情况。我们根据国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）国家环境卫星，数据和信息服务（NESDIS）危害绘图系统（HMS）烟雾产品以及历史平均PM2.5数据来计算野火标准，以确定野火排放何时受到影响区域（烟雾与非烟雾事件）。我们还使用广义加性模型（GAM）来调查该市区O-3的异常来源，例如野火。在2017年夏季的强化运动中，我们发现过氧乙酰硝酸盐（PAN），活性氮（NO）和最大每日8小时平均水平（MDA8）O-3在烟雾事件中比无烟时期显着增强（65％ ，分别为42％和32％）。我们将Delta PM2.5 / Delta CO，Delta NOy / Delta CO，Delta PAN / Delta NOy和Delta PAN / Delta CO增强比（ER）的95％置信区间计算为0.129-0.144μg / m（3 ）/ppbv、0.018-0.022 ppbv / ppbv，0.152-0.192 ppbv / ppbv和3.04-3.76 ppbv / ppmv，分别是受野火烟雾影响的事件。我们还观察到，烟雾中的PM2.5浓度达到60-70μg / m（3）时，O-3的产量会增加，此后，平均MDA8 O-3的混合比会降低。我们使用2017年夏季的四个O-3最高事件作为案例研究，以研究由于野火烟雾在市区引起的高度变化的条件。在两种情况下，我们调查了烟雾天数，这些天显示出O-3明显增强和中等PM2.5浓度。这些案例表明，诸如Delta PM2.5 / Delta CO和Delta NOy / Delta CO之类的ER在确定市区野火烟雾对中等烟雾天的影响时不太有用。另一个案例显示，在非常高的为期3天的烟雾事件中（PM2.5> 70μg / m（3）），O-3的产生减少。在此高烟期之后，在中度烟中观察到MDA8 O-3的浓度提高了20 ppbv。这些结果表明，受野火影响的O-3增强在城市地区变化很大，但通常增加到PM2.5的最高60μg / m（3），然后在非常高的烟雾浓度下降低。这项研究还表明，需要进行多个示踪剂测量才能充分表征城市地区的野火烟羽。

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