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Enhanced concentrations of reactive nitrogen species in wildfire smoke

机译:野火烟雾中反应性氮物质的浓度增加

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During the summer of 2012 the Hewlett Gulch and High Park wildfires burned an area of 400 km(2) northwest of Fort Collins, Colorado. These fires both came within 20 km of the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, allowing for extensive measurements of smoke-impacted air masses over the course of several weeks. In total, smoke plumes were observed at the measurement site for approximately 125 h. During this time, measurements were made of multiple reactive nitrogen compounds, including gas phase species NH3, NOx, and HNO3, and particle phase species NO3- and NH4+, plus an additional, unspeciated reactive nitrogen component that is measured by high temperature conversion over a catalyst to NO. Concurrent measurements of CO, levoglucosan and PM2.5 served to confirm the presence of smoke at the monitoring site. Significant enhancements were observed for all of the reactive nitrogen species measured in the plumes, except for NH4+ which did not show enhancements, likely due to the fresh nature of the plume, the presence of sufficient regional ammonia to have already neutralized upwind sulfate, and the warm conditions of the summer measurement period which tend to limit ammonium nitrate formation. Excess mixing ratios for NH3 and NOx relative to excess mixing ratios of CO in the smoke plumes, Delta NH3/Delta CO (ppb/ppb) and Delta NOx/Delta CO (ppb/ppb), were determined to be 0.027 +/- 0.002 and 0.0057 +/- 0.0007, respectively. These ratios suggest that smoldering combustion was the dominant source of smoke during our plume interceptions. Observations from prior relevant laboratory and field measurements of reactive nitrogen species are also briefly summarized to help create a more comprehensive picture of reactive nitrogen and fire. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译:在2012年夏季,惠普峡谷和高公园大火烧毁了科罗拉多州柯林斯堡西北400公里(2)的区域。这些大火都距科罗拉多州立大学大气科学系20公里以内,因此可以在几周的时间内对烟雾影响的空气质量进行广泛的测量。总体上,在测量点观察到烟羽约125小时。在此期间,对多种反应性氮化合物进行了测量,其中包括气相物质NH3,NOx和HNO3,以及颗粒相物质NO3-和NH4 +,以及另外的未指定的反应性氮组分,这些组分通过高温转化在一个NO的催化剂同时测量一氧化碳,左旋葡聚糖和PM2.5可以确认监测现场是否存在烟雾。观察到在烟羽中测得的所有活性氮物质均显着增强,但NH4 +并未显示出增强,这可能是由于烟羽的新鲜特性,存在足够的区域氨以中和上风硫酸盐以及夏季测量期的温暖条件往往会限制硝酸铵的形成。 NH3和NOx的过量混合比相对于烟羽中CO的过量混合比,Delta NH3 / Delta CO(ppb / ppb)和Delta NOx / Delta CO(ppb / ppb)被确定为0.027 +/- 0.002和0.0057 +/- 0.0007。这些比率表明,在我们的烟流拦截过程中,阴燃是主要的烟雾来源。还简要总结了先前相关实验室和活性氮种类的现场测量结果,以帮助创建更全面的活性氮和火情。 (C)2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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